Solution:
Let us define the sequence (cm,n)(m,n∈N0) by the conditions
cm,0=0,cm,1=1,cm,n+1=n2mcm,n+cm,n−1 for n⩾1
Then an=c1010,n and bn=c1009,n.
We see that e.g. c1,n=n,c2,n=n2 and c3,n=32n3+n. We claim that for every m∈N there exists a monic polynomial Pm(x) such that
Pm(x+1)=x2mPm(x)+Pm(x−1)
since obviously Pm(0)=0, by induction it will follow that cm,n=Pm(n)/Pm(1).
Lemma. Let us define the sequence of polynomials Pk by the conditions P0(x)=0,P1(x)=x and
Pk+1(x)=xPk(x)+4k(k−1)⋅Pk−1(x)
Then the polynomials Pk satisfy (1).
Moreover, the following holds Pk(x+1)−2Pk(x)+Pk(x−1)=xk(k−1)⋅Pk−1(x).
Proof. If we denote
Ak(x)=Pk+1(x)−xPk(x)−4k(k−1)Pk−1(x)≡0Bk(x)=Pk(x+1)−2Pk(x)+Pk(x−1)−xk(k−1)Pk−1(x)Ck(x)=Pk(x+1)−Pk(x−1)−x2kPk(x)
and assume that Bi(x)≡Ci(x)≡0 for all i⩽k, then
Bk+1(x)−xBk(x)−4k(k−1)Bk−1(x)=Ck(x)+Ak(x+1)+Ak(x−1)−2Ak(x)−xk(k−1)Ak−1(x)=0
so Bk+1≡0. On the other hand,
Ck+1(x)−xCk(x)−4k(k−1)Ck−1(x)=Bk(x)+Ak(x+1)−Ak(x−1)−x2(k+1)Ak(x)=0
so Ck+1≡0 as well.
From (2) it follows that the polynomials Q0(x)=0 and Qk(x)=(k−1)!2k−1Pk(x) satisfy the relation Qk+1(x)=k2xQk(x)+Qk−1(x), so by induction we obtain Qk(x)=xcx,k for all x∈N. Hence Pk(x)=2k−1(k−1)!⋅xcx,k and
ncm,n=n1⋅Pm(1)Pm(n)=c1,mcn,m=mcn,m
The claim of the problem is obtained for m=1010 and n=1009.
Second solution. For given m⩾0 let us consider the generating function of the sequence cm,n given by the conditions (∗):
fm(x)=2m1+n=1∑∞ncm,nxn
From the recurrence relation (∗) it follows that the function fm satisfies the differential equation (1−x2)fm′(x)=2m⋅fm(x). This equation is easily solved: if we write it as fm(x)fm′(x)=1−x22m, integration with respect to x gives ln∣fm(x)∣=∫1−x22mdx=
mln1−x1+x+ const, i.e. fm(x)=C⋅(1−x1+x)m. The condition fm(0)=2m1 finally gives C=1, so
fm(x)=2m1(1−x1+x)m=2m1(1+x)m(1−x)−m==2m1i=0∑m(im)xi⋅j=1∑∞(m−1m−1+j)xj
The coefficient of xn is
ncm,n=2m1i=0∑m(im)(m−1m+n−1−i)=21i∑i!(m−i)!(n−i)!(m+n−1−i)!
This expression is symmetric in m and n, so ncm,n=mcn,m.