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Algebra Difficulty 7.2 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Serbia

The sequences (an)n=0\left(a_{n}\right)_{n=0}^{\infty} and (bn)n=0\left(b_{n}\right)_{n=0}^{\infty} are defined by the recurrence relations
a0=0,a1=1,an+1=2018nan+an1 for n1 a_{0}=0, \quad a_{1}=1, \quad a_{n+1}=\frac{2018}{n} a_{n}+a_{n-1} \quad \text{ for } n \geqslant 1
and
b0=0,b1=1,bn+1=2020nbn+bn1 for n1 b_{0}=0, \quad b_{1}=1, \quad b_{n+1}=\frac{2020}{n} b_{n}+b_{n-1} \quad \text{ for } n \geqslant 1
Prove:
a10101010=b10091009 \frac{a_{1010}}{1010}=\frac{b_{1009}}{1009}

Solution

Solution:

Let us define the sequence (cm,n)(m,nN0)\left(c_{m, n}\right)\left(m, n \in \mathbb{N}_{0}\right) by the conditions
cm,0=0,cm,1=1,cm,n+1=2mncm,n+cm,n1 for n1 c_{m, 0}=0, \quad c_{m, 1}=1, \quad c_{m, n+1}=\frac{2 m}{n} c_{m, n}+c_{m, n-1} \quad \text{ for } n \geqslant 1
Then an=c1010,na_{n}=c_{1010, n} and bn=c1009,nb_{n}=c_{1009, n}.
We see that e.g. c1,n=n,c2,n=n2c_{1, n}=n, c_{2, n}=n^{2} and c3,n=2n3+n3c_{3, n}=\frac{2 n^{3}+n}{3}. We claim that for every mNm \in \mathbb{N} there exists a monic polynomial Pm(x)P_{m}(x) such that
Pm(x+1)=2mxPm(x)+Pm(x1) P_{m}(x+1)=\frac{2 m}{x} P_{m}(x)+P_{m}(x-1)
since obviously Pm(0)=0P_{m}(0)=0, by induction it will follow that cm,n=Pm(n)/Pm(1)c_{m, n}=P_{m}(n) / P_{m}(1).

Lemma. Let us define the sequence of polynomials PkP_{k} by the conditions P0(x)=0,P1(x)=xP_{0}(x)=0, P_{1}(x)=x and
Pk+1(x)=xPk(x)+k(k1)4Pk1(x) P_{k+1}(x)=x P_{k}(x)+\frac{k(k-1)}{4} \cdot P_{k-1}(x)
Then the polynomials PkP_{k} satisfy (1).
Moreover, the following holds Pk(x+1)2Pk(x)+Pk(x1)=k(k1)xPk1(x)P_{k}(x+1)-2 P_{k}(x)+P_{k}(x-1)=\frac{k(k-1)}{x} \cdot P_{k-1}(x).

Proof. If we denote
Ak(x)=Pk+1(x)xPk(x)k(k1)4Pk1(x)0Bk(x)=Pk(x+1)2Pk(x)+Pk(x1)k(k1)xPk1(x)Ck(x)=Pk(x+1)Pk(x1)2kxPk(x) \begin{aligned} & A_{k}(x)=P_{k+1}(x)-x P_{k}(x)-\frac{k(k-1)}{4} P_{k-1}(x) \equiv 0 \\ & B_{k}(x)=P_{k}(x+1)-2 P_{k}(x)+P_{k}(x-1)-\frac{k(k-1)}{x} P_{k-1}(x) \\ & C_{k}(x)=P_{k}(x+1)-P_{k}(x-1)-\frac{2 k}{x} P_{k}(x) \end{aligned}
and assume that Bi(x)Ci(x)0B_{i}(x) \equiv C_{i}(x) \equiv 0 for all iki \leqslant k, then
Bk+1(x)xBk(x)k(k1)4Bk1(x)=Ck(x)+Ak(x+1)+Ak(x1)2Ak(x)k(k1)xAk1(x)=0 \begin{aligned} & B_{k+1}(x)-x B_{k}(x)-\frac{k(k-1)}{4} B_{k-1}(x)= \\ & C_{k}(x)+A_{k}(x+1)+A_{k}(x-1)-2 A_{k}(x)-\frac{k(k-1)}{x} A_{k-1}(x)=0 \end{aligned}
so Bk+10B_{k+1} \equiv 0. On the other hand,
Ck+1(x)xCk(x)k(k1)4Ck1(x)=Bk(x)+Ak(x+1)Ak(x1)2(k+1)xAk(x)=0 \begin{aligned} & C_{k+1}(x)-x C_{k}(x)-\frac{k(k-1)}{4} C_{k-1}(x)= \\ & B_{k}(x)+A_{k}(x+1)-A_{k}(x-1)-\frac{2(k+1)}{x} A_{k}(x)=0 \end{aligned}
so Ck+10C_{k+1} \equiv 0 as well.

From (2) it follows that the polynomials Q0(x)=0Q_{0}(x)=0 and Qk(x)=2k1(k1)!Pk(x)Q_{k}(x)=\frac{2^{k-1}}{(k-1)!} P_{k}(x) satisfy the relation Qk+1(x)=2xkQk(x)+Qk1(x)Q_{k+1}(x)=\frac{2 x}{k} Q_{k}(x)+Q_{k-1}(x), so by induction we obtain Qk(x)=xcx,kQ_{k}(x)=x c_{x, k} for all xNx \in \mathbb{N}. Hence Pk(x)=(k1)!2k1xcx,kP_{k}(x)=\frac{(k-1)!}{2^{k-1}} \cdot x c_{x, k} and
cm,nn=1nPm(n)Pm(1)=cn,mc1,m=cn,mm \frac{c_{m, n}}{n}=\frac{1}{n} \cdot \frac{P_{m}(n)}{P_{m}(1)}=\frac{c_{n, m}}{c_{1, m}}=\frac{c_{n, m}}{m}
The claim of the problem is obtained for m=1010m=1010 and n=1009n=1009.

Second solution. For given m0m \geqslant 0 let us consider the generating function of the sequence cm,nc_{m, n} given by the conditions ()(*):
fm(x)=12m+n=1cm,nnxn f_{m}(x)=\frac{1}{2 m}+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{c_{m, n}}{n} x^{n}
From the recurrence relation ()(*) it follows that the function fmf_{m} satisfies the differential equation (1x2)fm(x)=2mfm(x)\left(1-x^{2}\right) f_{m}^{\prime}(x)=2 m \cdot f_{m}(x). This equation is easily solved: if we write it as fm(x)fm(x)=2m1x2\frac{f_{m}^{\prime}(x)}{f_{m}(x)}=\frac{2 m}{1-x^{2}}, integration with respect to xx gives lnfm(x)=2m1x2dx=\ln \left|f_{m}(x)\right|=\int \frac{2 m}{1-x^{2}} d x=
mln1+x1x+m \ln \frac{1+x}{1-x}+ const, i.e. fm(x)=C(1+x1x)mf_{m}(x)=C \cdot\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)^{m}. The condition fm(0)=12mf_{m}(0)=\frac{1}{2 m} finally gives C=1C=1, so
fm(x)=12m(1+x1x)m=12m(1+x)m(1x)m==12mi=0m(mi)xij=1(m1+jm1)xj \begin{aligned} f_{m}(x) & =\frac{1}{2 m}\left(\frac{1+x}{1-x}\right)^{m}=\frac{1}{2 m}(1+x)^{m}(1-x)^{-m}= \\ & =\frac{1}{2 m} \sum_{i=0}^{m}\binom{m}{i} x^{i} \cdot \sum_{j=1}^{\infty}\binom{m-1+j}{m-1} x^{j} \end{aligned}
The coefficient of xnx^{n} is
cm,nn=12mi=0m(mi)(m+n1im1)=12i(m+n1i)!i!(mi)!(ni)! \frac{c_{m, n}}{n}=\frac{1}{2 m} \sum_{i=0}^{m}\binom{m}{i}\binom{m+n-1-i}{m-1}=\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i} \frac{(m+n-1-i)!}{i!(m-i)!(n-i)!}
This expression is symmetric in mm and nn, so cm,nn=cn,mm\frac{c_{m, n}}{n}=\frac{c_{n, m}}{m}.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from sr; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.