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Algebra Difficulty 6.3 National olympiad Prove it Romania

Let AA be a ring and let DD be the set of all non-invertible elements of AA. Assuming a2=0a^2 = 0 for all aa in DD, prove that:

a) axa=0axa = 0 for all aa in DD and all xx in AA; and

b) If DD is finite and D2|D| \ge 2, there exists aa in D{0}D \setminus \{0\} such that ab=ba=0ab = ba = 0 for all bb in DD.

Solution

a) Let aa be a member of DD and let xx be a member of AA. If xx is invertible, then axax is a member of DD, so axax=0axax = 0, and axa=0axa = 0. If xx is a member of DD, then 1+x1+x is invertible, so a+ax=a(1+x)a + ax = a(1+x) is also a member of DD. Hence 0=(a+ax)2=a2+a2x+axa+axax=axa(1+x)0 = (a+ax)^2 = a^2 + a^2x + axa + axax = axa(1+x), and consequently axa=0axa = 0.

b) Let PP be the set of all finite non-zero products of elements of DD. Since D2|D| \ge 2, the set PP is non-empty. Notice that if a1a2aka_1a_2\cdots a_k is a product in PP, then aiaja_i \ne a_j for iji \ne j. Indeed, if ai=aja_i = a_j for some i<ji < j, then a1a2ak=a1a2ai(ai+1aj1)aiak=0a_1a_2\cdots a_k = a_1a_2\cdots a_i(a_{i+1}\cdots a_{j-1})a_i\cdots a_k = 0, by a), which is a contradiction. Hence PP is a

finite set. Finally, let a=a1a2aka = a_1a_2 \cdots a_k be a product in PP of maximal length kk, and let bb be a member of DD. If bb is one of the factors of aa, then ab=ba=0ab = ba = 0, by a). Otherwise, the words abab and baba both have length greater than kk, so they cannot belong to PP, by maximality of kk, and again ab=ba=0ab = ba = 0.

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