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Geometry Difficulty 6.7 National Olympiad Prove it Romania

The closure (interior and boundary) of a convex quadrangle is covered by four closed discs centered at each vertex of the quadrangle each. Show that three of these discs cover the closure of the triangle determined by their centers.

Solution

Amongst the four discs, choose one, say Δ0\Delta_0, containing the point OO where the diagonals of the quadrangle cross one another. Let A0A_0 be the center of Δ0\Delta_0, label the other three centers in circular order, A1,A2,A3A_1, A_2, A_3, so that the opposite angles A0OA1A_0OA_1 and A2OA3A_2OA_3 be not obtuse, and let Δi\Delta_i denote the disc centered at AiA_i.
Before proceeding, we take time out to state a simple, but quite useful lemma whose proof is postponed for the sake of clarity.

Lemma. Let ABCDABCD be a convex quadrangle, let Δ\Delta be a disc centered at AA, and let EE be the point where the ray ACAC emanating from AA crosses the boundary of Δ\Delta. If the orthogonal projection of BB on the line ACAC falls on the closed ray EAEA emanating from EE, then dist(B,[ACD]Δ)BE\text{dist}(B, [ACD] \setminus \Delta) \ge BE, where [ACD][ACD] is the closure of the triangle ACDACD.

We now apply the lemma to show that OO is also covered by Δ1\Delta_1. To this end, let B0B_0 be the point where the ray A0OA_0O emanating from A0A_0 crosses the boundary of Δ0\Delta_0. Since Δ0\Delta_0 contains OO, the latter lies on the closed segment A0B0A_0B_0, and since the angle A0OA1A_0OA_1 is not obtuse, it follows that A1OA1B0A_1O \le A_1B_0. On the other hand, Δ1\Delta_1 contains points of the closure [A0A2A3][A_0A_2A_3] of the triangle A0A2A3A_0A_2A_3 not covered by Δ0\Delta_0, so the radius of Δ1\Delta_1 is greater than or equal to dist(A1,[A0A2A3]Δ0)\text{dist}(A_1, [A_0A_2A_3] \setminus \Delta_0), which in turn is greater than or equal to A1B0A_1B_0 by the lemma. Consequently, OO is indeed covered by Δ1\Delta_1.

We are presently going to show that r2A2B3r_2 \ge A_2B_3 and r3A3B2r_3 \ge A_3B_2 and reach thereby the contradiction we were heading for. Only the first inequality will be dealt with; the argument applies mutatis mutandis to the other. Since the angle A2OA3A_2OA_3 is not obtuse, the orthogonal projection A2A'_2 of A2A_2 on the line A1A3A_1A_3 falls on the closed ray OA3OA_3 emanating from OO. If A2A'_2 fell on the closed segment B3OB_3O, then the image of the line A2A2A_2A'_2 under a slight rotation about the midpoint of the segment A2A2A_2A'_2 would separate the disc Δ3\Delta_3 and the closure [A0A1A2][A_0A_1A_2] of the triangle A0A1A2A_0A_1A_2, in contradiction with the second remark in the opening paragraph. Hence A2A'_2 lies on the open ray B3A3B_3A_3 emanating from B3B_3, so dist(A2,[A0A1A3]Δ3)A2B3\text{dist}(A_2, [A_0A_1A_3] \setminus \Delta_3) \ge A_2B_3 by the lemma. Finally, recall that Δ2\Delta_2 covers points in [A0A1A3]Δ3[A_0A_1A_3] \setminus \Delta_3, to conclude that r2A2B3r_2 \ge A_2B_3.

Proof of the lemma. Since the quadrangle ABCDABCD is convex, the whole configuration of points lies on one side of the line ABAB, say H\mathcal{H}. Let FF be the point where the ray ADAD emanating from AA crosses the boundary of Δ\Delta, let α\alpha denote the arc EFEF of the boundary of Δ\Delta situated in H\mathcal{H}, and let rr be the ray emanating from EE along the line ACAC, not containing AA.
Notice that, if XX is a point in [ACD]Δ[ACD] \setminus \Delta, then the closed segment BXBX meets either α\alpha or rr (this fails to hold if the quadrangle ABCDABCD is not convex at DD), so it is sufficient to consider only points XX in αr\alpha \cup r.
Now, as a point XX traces α\alpha from EE to FF, the length of the segment BXBX varies increasingly by the cosine law in the triangle ABXABX (this fails to hold if the quadrangle ABCDABCD is not convex at AA or at BB), so BXBEBX \ge BE.
Finally, since the orthogonal projection of BB on the line ACAC is not interior to rr, the length of the segment BXBX varies again increasingly, as XX runs along rr away from EE, so BXBEBX \ge BE again. This ends the proof of the lemma and completes the solution.

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