The closure (interior and boundary) of a convex quadrangle is covered by four closed discs centered at each vertex of the quadrangle each. Show that three of these discs cover the closure of the triangle determined by their centers.
Solution
Amongst the four discs, choose one, say , containing the point where the diagonals of the quadrangle cross one another. Let be the center of , label the other three centers in circular order, , so that the opposite angles and be not obtuse, and let denote the disc centered at .
Before proceeding, we take time out to state a simple, but quite useful lemma whose proof is postponed for the sake of clarity.
Lemma. Let be a convex quadrangle, let be a disc centered at , and let be the point where the ray emanating from crosses the boundary of . If the orthogonal projection of on the line falls on the closed ray emanating from , then , where is the closure of the triangle .
We now apply the lemma to show that is also covered by . To this end, let be the point where the ray emanating from crosses the boundary of . Since contains , the latter lies on the closed segment , and since the angle is not obtuse, it follows that . On the other hand, contains points of the closure of the triangle not covered by , so the radius of is greater than or equal to , which in turn is greater than or equal to by the lemma. Consequently, is indeed covered by .
We are presently going to show that and and reach thereby the contradiction we were heading for. Only the first inequality will be dealt with; the argument applies mutatis mutandis to the other. Since the angle is not obtuse, the orthogonal projection of on the line falls on the closed ray emanating from . If fell on the closed segment , then the image of the line under a slight rotation about the midpoint of the segment would separate the disc and the closure of the triangle , in contradiction with the second remark in the opening paragraph. Hence lies on the open ray emanating from , so by the lemma. Finally, recall that covers points in , to conclude that .
Proof of the lemma. Since the quadrangle is convex, the whole configuration of points lies on one side of the line , say . Let be the point where the ray emanating from crosses the boundary of , let denote the arc of the boundary of situated in , and let be the ray emanating from along the line , not containing .
Notice that, if is a point in , then the closed segment meets either or (this fails to hold if the quadrangle is not convex at ), so it is sufficient to consider only points in .
Now, as a point traces from to , the length of the segment varies increasingly by the cosine law in the triangle (this fails to hold if the quadrangle is not convex at or at ), so .
Finally, since the orthogonal projection of on the line is not interior to , the length of the segment varies again increasingly, as runs along away from , so again. This ends the proof of the lemma and completes the solution.