Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it JBMO

Problem:
Let xx, yy, zz be positive real numbers that satisfy the equality x2+y2+z2=3x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=3. Prove that
x2+yzx2+yz+1+y2+zxy2+zx+1+z2+xyz2+xy+12 \frac{x^{2}+y z}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{y^{2}+z x}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{z^{2}+x y}{z^{2}+x y+1} \leq 2

Solution

Solution:
We have
x2+yzx2+yz+1+y2+zxy2+zx+1+z2+xyz2+xy+12x2+yz+1x2+yz+1+y2+zx+1y2+zx+1+z2+xy+1z2+xy+12+1x2+yz+1+1y2+zx+1+1z2+xy+132+1x2+yz+1+1y2+zx+1+1z2+xy+111x2+yz+1+1y2+zx+1+1z2+xy+11x2+yz+1+1y2+zx+1+1z2+xy+19x2+yz+1+y2+zx+1+z2+xy+1=9x2+y2+z2+xy+yz+zx+392x2+y2+z2+3=1 \begin{aligned} & \frac{x^{2}+y z}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{y^{2}+z x}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{z^{2}+x y}{z^{2}+x y+1} \leq 2 \Leftrightarrow \\ & \frac{x^{2}+y z+1}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{y^{2}+z x+1}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{z^{2}+x y+1}{z^{2}+x y+1} \leq 2+\frac{1}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{1}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{1}{z^{2}+x y+1} \Leftrightarrow \\ & 3 \leq 2+\frac{1}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{1}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{1}{z^{2}+x y+1} \Leftrightarrow \\ & 1 \leq \frac{1}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{1}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{1}{z^{2}+x y+1} \\ & \frac{1}{x^{2}+y z+1}+\frac{1}{y^{2}+z x+1}+\frac{1}{z^{2}+x y+1} \geq \frac{9}{x^{2}+y z+1+y^{2}+z x+1+z^{2}+x y+1}= \\ & \frac{9}{x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+x y+y z+z x+3} \geq \frac{9}{2 x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+3}=1 \end{aligned}
The first inequality: AM-GM inequality (also can be achieved with Cauchy-Bunjakowski-Schwarz inequality). The second inequality: xy+yz+zxx2+y2+z2x y+y z+z x \leq x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2} (there are more ways to prove it, AM-GM, full squares etc.)

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.