Find all prime numbers and such that is an integer.
Solution
The solutions are and their permutations.
If , then by the Fermat little theorem. This implies . If we further have , then for the same reason. So is a solution. If , then . Therefore, . By symmetry are also solutions.
Now we may assume . Then we must have and . WLOG assume . Consider . Note that since is a prime and . Thus, there exists such that . By the Fermat little theorem, we have
This forces , which is a contradiction.
Therefore, the only solutions are and their permutations.
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