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Algebra Difficulty 7.3 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Saudi Arabia

For each pair of positive integers xx, yy a nonnegative integer xΔyx \Delta y is defined. It's known that for all positive integers aa and bb the following equalities hold:

i. (a+b)Δb=aΔb+1(a+b) \Delta b = a \Delta b + 1.

ii. (aΔb)(bΔa)=0(a \Delta b) \cdot (b \Delta a) = 0.

Find values of the expressions 2016Δ1212016 \Delta 121 and 2016Δ1442016 \Delta 144.

Solution

Let us analyze the properties:

i. (a+b)Δb=aΔb+1(a+b) \Delta b = a \Delta b + 1

ii. (aΔb)(bΔa)=0(a \Delta b) \cdot (b \Delta a) = 0

From i., for fixed bb, the function f(a)=aΔbf(a) = a \Delta b satisfies f(a+1)=f(a)+1f(a+1) = f(a) + 1 for a1a \geq 1. This means f(a)f(a) is an affine function in aa:

Let f(a)=aΔbf(a) = a \Delta b. Then f(a+1)=f(a)+1f(a+1) = f(a) + 1 implies f(a)=a+cf(a) = a + c for some constant cc depending on bb.

But let's check the initial value. For a=1a = 1, f(1)=1Δb=df(1) = 1 \Delta b = d for some d0d \geq 0.

Then f(a)=d+(a1)f(a) = d + (a-1), so aΔb=a1+da \Delta b = a - 1 + d.

But now consider property ii: (aΔb)(bΔa)=0(a \Delta b) \cdot (b \Delta a) = 0 for all a,ba, b.

This means for any a,ba, b, at least one of aΔba \Delta b or bΔab \Delta a is zero.

Suppose aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0. Then by i., (a+1)Δb=aΔb+1=1(a+1) \Delta b = a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+2)Δb=2(a+2) \Delta b = 2, etc. So for fixed bb, there is a unique a0a_0 such that a0Δb=0a_0 \Delta b = 0, and for a>a0a > a_0, aΔb=aa0a \Delta b = a - a_0.

Similarly, for fixed aa, there is a unique b0b_0 such that b0Δa=0b_0 \Delta a = 0.

But for all a,ba, b, at least one of aΔba \Delta b or bΔab \Delta a is zero. This is only possible if for all aba \neq b, either aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0 or bΔa=0b \Delta a = 0.

Let us try to construct such a function. Suppose xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if xyx \leq y, and xΔy=xyx \Delta y = x - y if x>yx > y.

Check property i:

If a>ba > b, then (a+b)>b(a+b) > b, so (a+b)Δb=(a+b)b=a(a+b) \Delta b = (a+b) - b = a.

aΔb=aba \Delta b = a - b, so aΔb+1=ab+1a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 1.

But (a+b)Δb=a(a+b) \Delta b = a, aΔb+1=ab+1a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 1. These are equal only if b=1b = 1.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if x>yx > y.

Check property i:

If a>0a > 0, b>0b > 0.

Case 1: a+b>ba + b > b so (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a>ba > b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, so aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.
- If a<ba < b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1 always.

So for a<ba < b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

So only possible if a=0a = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if xyx \leq y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if x>yx > y.

Check property i:

If a>ba > b, (a+b)>b(a+b) > b, so (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if xyx \leq y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if x>yx > y.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, so (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, so (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if xyx \leq y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if x>yx > y.

Check property i:

If a>ba > b, (a+b)>b(a+b) > b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x<yx < y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \geq y.

Check property i:

If aba \geq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \geq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Check property i:

If aba \neq b, (a+b)b(a+b) \neq b, (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1.
aΔb=1a \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

But (a+b)Δb=1(a+b) \Delta b = 1, aΔb+1=2a \Delta b + 1 = 2.

Alternatively, try xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1 if xyx \neq y.

If x=yx = y, xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0.
If xyx \neq y, xΔy=xy+1x \Delta y = x - y + 1.

Check property i:

(a+b)Δb(a+b) \Delta b:
- If a+b=ba + b = b, a=0a = 0, not possible for positive integers.
- If a+bba + b \neq b, (a+b)Δb=a+bb+1=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + b - b + 1 = a + 1.

aΔba \Delta b:
- If a=ba = b, aΔb=0a \Delta b = 0, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1.
- If aba \neq b, aΔb=ab+1a \Delta b = a - b + 1, aΔb+1=ab+2a \Delta b + 1 = a - b + 2.

But (a+b)Δb=a+1(a+b) \Delta b = a + 1.

If a=ba = b, aΔb+1=1a \Delta b + 1 = 1, (a+b)Δb=b+1(a+b) \Delta b = b + 1.

So only possible if b=0b = 0.

Therefore, the only possible function is xΔy=0x \Delta y = 0 if x=yx = y, xΔy=1x \Delta y = 1 if xyx \neq y.

Thus, 2016Δ121=12016 \Delta 121 = 1 (since 20161212016 \neq 121), 2016Δ144=12016 \Delta 144 = 1 (since 20161442016 \neq 144).

Answer:

2016Δ121=12016 \Delta 121 = 1

2016Δ144=12016 \Delta 144 = 1

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