Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.8 AIME, harder Prove it Bulgaria

Problem:

The extensions of the sides ABAB and CDCD of a convex quadrilateral ABCDABCD meet at point PP and the extensions of the sides BCBC and ADAD meet at point QQ. The point OO from the interior of the quadrilateral is such that BOP = DOQ\text{BOP = DOQ}. Prove that AOB + COD = 180\text{AOB + COD = 180}.

Solution

Solution:

The Sine theorem for the triangles ODQODQ and AOQAOQ gives
sinφsinβ=QDOD \frac{\sin \varphi}{\sin \beta} = \frac{QD}{OD}
and
( + AOD) = AQ OA\text{( + AOD) = AQ OA}
whence
( + AOD) = AQ OA OD QD\text{( + AOD) = AQ OA OD QD}

Figure 1

We obtain in the same way that
( + AOB) = AP OA OB BP\text{( + AOB) = AP OA OB BP}
Therefore
( + AOD) ( + AOB) = AQ AP OD OB BP QD\text{( + AOD) ( + AOB) = AQ AP OD OB BP QD}
We get in the same way that
( DOC - ) ( BOC - ) = QC PC OB OD PD QB\text{( DOC - ) ( BOC - ) = QC PC OB OD PD QB}
Using the Menelaus theorem for ADC\triangle ADC and the line QPQP and for ABC\triangle ABC and the line QPQP we obtain
AQDPDQCP=ALCL and QCBPQBAP=CLAL \frac{AQ \cdot DP}{DQ \cdot CP} = \frac{AL}{CL} \text{ and } \frac{QC \cdot BP}{QB \cdot AP} = \frac{CL}{AL}
Setting + AOD = x\text{+ AOD = x}, + AOB = y\text{+ AOB = y}, DOC - = z\text{DOC - = z} and BOC - = t\text{BOC - = t}, we have
sinxsinzsinysint=AQDPQCBPDQCPQBAP=ALCLCLAL=1 \frac{\sin x \cdot \sin z}{\sin y \cdot \sin t} = \frac{AQ \cdot DP \cdot QC \cdot BP}{DQ \cdot CP \cdot QB \cdot AP} = \frac{AL}{CL} \cdot \frac{CL}{AL} = 1
i.e. sinxsinz=sinysint\sin x \cdot \sin z = \sin y \cdot \sin t. It follows easily from here that
cos(xz)cos(x+z)=cos(yt)cos(y+t) \cos (x-z) - \cos (x+z) = \cos (y-t) - \cos (y+t)
Since x+y+z+t=360x + y + z + t = 360^\circ, we have cos(x+z)=cos(y+t)\cos (x+z) = \cos (y+t) and therefore cos(xz)=cos(yt)\cos (x-z) = \cos (y-t). Since xz+yt<360x-z + y-t < 360^\circ and the equality xz=tyx-z = t-y implies that OO lies on PQPQ (prove this!) we obtain xz=ytx-z = y-t, whence x+t=z+y=180x+t = z+y = 180^\circ.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.