Solution:
Let x n = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) n x_n = (1 + \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3})^n x n = ( 1 + 2 + 3 ) n . Consider the conjugates of 1 + 2 + 3 1 + \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} 1 + 2 + 3 under the field automorphisms fixing Q \mathbb{Q} Q :
Let α 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 \alpha_1 = 1 + \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} α 1 = 1 + 2 + 3 Let α 2 = 1 + 2 − 3 \alpha_2 = 1 + \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3} α 2 = 1 + 2 − 3 Let α 3 = 1 − 2 + 3 \alpha_3 = 1 - \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} α 3 = 1 − 2 + 3 Let α 4 = 1 − 2 − 3 \alpha_4 = 1 - \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3} α 4 = 1 − 2 − 3
Then, x n = α 1 n x_n = \alpha_1^n x n = α 1 n , and similarly define y n = α 2 n y_n = \alpha_2^n y n = α 2 n , z n = α 3 n z_n = \alpha_3^n z n = α 3 n , w n = α 4 n w_n = \alpha_4^n w n = α 4 n .
We can write:x n = a n + b n 2 + c n 3 + d n 6
x_n = a_n + b_n \sqrt{2} + c_n \sqrt{3} + d_n \sqrt{6}
x n = a n + b n 2 + c n 3 + d n 6 Similarly, y n = a n + b n 2 − c n 3 − d n 6 y_n = a_n + b_n \sqrt{2} - c_n \sqrt{3} - d_n \sqrt{6} y n = a n + b n 2 − c n 3 − d n 6 z n = a n − b n 2 + c n 3 − d n 6 z_n = a_n - b_n \sqrt{2} + c_n \sqrt{3} - d_n \sqrt{6} z n = a n − b n 2 + c n 3 − d n 6 w n = a n − b n 2 − c n 3 + d n 6 w_n = a_n - b_n \sqrt{2} - c_n \sqrt{3} + d_n \sqrt{6} w n = a n − b n 2 − c n 3 + d n 6
Now, solve for a n , b n , c n , d n a_n, b_n, c_n, d_n a n , b n , c n , d n :
Add all four equations:x n + y n + z n + w n = 4 a n
x_n + y_n + z_n + w_n = 4a_n
x n + y n + z n + w n = 4 a n So,a n = 1 4 ( x n + y n + z n + w n )
a_n = \frac{1}{4}(x_n + y_n + z_n + w_n)
a n = 4 1 ( x n + y n + z n + w n )
Similarly,x n + y n − z n − w n = 4 b n 2 ⟹ b n = 1 4 2 ( x n + y n − z n − w n )
x_n + y_n - z_n - w_n = 4b_n \sqrt{2} \implies b_n = \frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}}(x_n + y_n - z_n - w_n)
x n + y n − z n − w n = 4 b n 2 ⟹ b n = 4 2 1 ( x n + y n − z n − w n ) x n − y n + z n − w n = 4 c n 3 ⟹ c n = 1 4 3 ( x n − y n + z n − w n )
x_n - y_n + z_n - w_n = 4c_n \sqrt{3} \implies c_n = \frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}}(x_n - y_n + z_n - w_n)
x n − y n + z n − w n = 4 c n 3 ⟹ c n = 4 3 1 ( x n − y n + z n − w n ) x n − y n − z n + w n = 4 d n 6 ⟹ d n = 1 4 6 ( x n − y n − z n + w n )
x_n - y_n - z_n + w_n = 4d_n \sqrt{6} \implies d_n = \frac{1}{4\sqrt{6}}(x_n - y_n - z_n + w_n)
x n − y n − z n + w n = 4 d n 6 ⟹ d n = 4 6 1 ( x n − y n − z n + w n )
Now, as n → ∞ n \to \infty n → ∞ , α 1 > 1 \alpha_1 > 1 α 1 > 1 , but ∣ α 2 ∣ < 1 |\alpha_2| < 1 ∣ α 2 ∣ < 1 , ∣ α 3 ∣ < 1 |\alpha_3| < 1 ∣ α 3 ∣ < 1 , ∣ α 4 ∣ < 1 |\alpha_4| < 1 ∣ α 4 ∣ < 1 (since 1 + 2 − 3 ≈ 1 + 1.414 − 1.732 ≈ 0.682 1 + \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3} \approx 1 + 1.414 - 1.732 \approx 0.682 1 + 2 − 3 ≈ 1 + 1.414 − 1.732 ≈ 0.682 , 1 − 2 + 3 ≈ 1 − 1.414 + 1.732 ≈ 1.318 1 - \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{3} \approx 1 - 1.414 + 1.732 \approx 1.318 1 − 2 + 3 ≈ 1 − 1.414 + 1.732 ≈ 1.318 , 1 − 2 − 3 ≈ 1 − 1.414 − 1.732 ≈ − 2.146 1 - \sqrt{2} - \sqrt{3} \approx 1 - 1.414 - 1.732 \approx -2.146 1 − 2 − 3 ≈ 1 − 1.414 − 1.732 ≈ − 2.146 ).
Thus, as n → ∞ n \to \infty n → ∞ , x n x_n x n dominates, and the other terms tend to zero compared to x n x_n x n .
Therefore,a n ∼ 1 4 x n
a_n \sim \frac{1}{4} x_n
a n ∼ 4 1 x n b n ∼ 1 4 2 x n
b_n \sim \frac{1}{4\sqrt{2}} x_n
b n ∼ 4 2 1 x n c n ∼ 1 4 3 x n
c_n \sim \frac{1}{4\sqrt{3}} x_n
c n ∼ 4 3 1 x n d n ∼ 1 4 6 x n
d_n \sim \frac{1}{4\sqrt{6}} x_n
d n ∼ 4 6 1 x n
So,lim n → ∞ b n a n = 1 2
\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{b_n}{a_n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}
n → ∞ lim a n b n = 2 1 lim n → ∞ c n a n = 1 3
\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{c_n}{a_n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}
n → ∞ lim a n c n = 3 1 lim n → ∞ d n a n = 1 6
\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{d_n}{a_n} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{6}}
n → ∞ lim a n d n = 6 1