Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

Suppose xx and yy are real numbers such that 1<x<y<1-1 < x < y < 1. Let GG be the sum of the geometric series whose first term is xx and whose ratio is yy, and let GG' be the sum of the geometric series whose first term is yy and ratio is xx. If G=GG = G', find x+yx + y.

Solution

Solution:

We note that G=x1yG = \dfrac{x}{1 - y} and G=y1xG' = \dfrac{y}{1 - x}. Setting them equal gives
x1y=y1x \frac{x}{1 - y} = \frac{y}{1 - x}
Cross-multiplying, we get
x(1x)=y(1y) x(1 - x) = y(1 - y)
Expanding both sides:
xx2=yy2 x - x^2 = y - y^2
Bringing all terms to one side:
xx2y+y2=0 x - x^2 - y + y^2 = 0
(xy)+(y2x2)=0 (x - y) + (y^2 - x^2) = 0
(xy)+(yx)(y+x)=0 (x - y) + (y - x)(y + x) = 0
(xy)(xy)(x+y)=0 (x - y) - (x - y)(x + y) = 0
(xy)[1(x+y)]=0 (x - y)[1 - (x + y)] = 0
Since x<yx < y, xy0x - y \neq 0, so 1(x+y)=01 - (x + y) = 0, i.e., x+y=1x + y = 1.

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