Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 5.4 AIME, harder Prove it JBMO

Problem:
Let aa, bb, cc be positive real numbers such that a+b+c=a2+b2+c2a + b + c = a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2}. Show that
a2a2+ab+b2b2+bc+c2c2+caa+b+c2 \frac{a^{2}}{a^{2} + ab} + \frac{b^{2}}{b^{2} + bc} + \frac{c^{2}}{c^{2} + ca} \geq \frac{a + b + c}{2}

Solution

Solution:
By the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality it is
(a2a2+ab+b2b2+bc+c2c2+ca)((a2+ab)+(b2+bc)+(c2+ca))(a+b+c)2a2a2+ab+b2b2+bc+c2c2+ca(a+b+c)2a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+ca \begin{aligned} & \left(\frac{a^{2}}{a^{2} + ab} + \frac{b^{2}}{b^{2} + bc} + \frac{c^{2}}{c^{2} + ca}\right)\left((a^{2} + ab) + (b^{2} + bc) + (c^{2} + ca)\right) \geq (a + b + c)^{2} \\ \Rightarrow & \frac{a^{2}}{a^{2} + ab} + \frac{b^{2}}{b^{2} + bc} + \frac{c^{2}}{c^{2} + ca} \geq \frac{(a + b + c)^{2}}{a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} + ab + bc + ca} \end{aligned}
So it is enough to prove (a+b+c)2a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+caa+b+c2\frac{(a + b + c)^{2}}{a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} + ab + bc + ca} \geq \frac{a + b + c}{2}, that is to prove
2(a+b+c)a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+ca 2(a + b + c) \geq a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} + ab + bc + ca
Substituting a2+b2+c2a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} for a+b+ca + b + c into the left hand side we wish equivalently to prove
a2+b2+c2ab+bc+ca a^{2} + b^{2} + c^{2} \geq ab + bc + ca
But a2+b22aba^{2} + b^{2} \geq 2ab, b2+c22bcb^{2} + c^{2} \geq 2bc, c2+a22cac^{2} + a^{2} \geq 2ca which by addition imply the desired inequality.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.