Three different pairs of shoes are placed in a row so that no left shoe is next to a right shoe from a different pair. In how many ways can these six shoes be lined up?
Pick one
Solution
Answer (A): There are arrangements of the letters LLLRRR representing the positions of 3 left shoes and 3 right shoes in the row of 6 shoes. Of the 20, any sequence containing LRL or RLR will violate the condition given in the problem. There are 8 arrangements that avoid these two sequences. Call a pair of shoes matched if the 2 shoes in the pair are next to each other. There are three sets of possibilities.
* LLLRRR and RRRLLL: In these two cases, only one pair of shoes is matched. There are 3 choices for that pair, and there are ways to place the other 4 shoes for a total of arrangements for this case.
* LRRRLL, LLRRRL, RLLLR, and RRLLLR: In each of these four cases, there are ways to place the left shoes, but then there is a unique way to place the right shoes, for a total of arrangements in this case.
* LRRLLR and RLLRRL: In these two cases, all three pairs of shoes are matched, so, in each case, there are ways to place the shoes. This gives a total of arrangements.
Thus there are arrangements satisfying the conditions of the problem.
Label the shoes and for . By symmetry it suffices to count the number of arrangements with first in line and multiply by 6. There are 2 choices for a left shoe coming next, say , after which the only continuations are for or , or ; this gives arrangements. Otherwise comes second, followed by either or for or , another arrangements. This gives a total of 10, so there are ways to line up the six shoes.