Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /15 of 18

Combinatorics Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Find the answer United States

Three different pairs of shoes are placed in a row so that no left shoe is next to a right shoe from a different pair. In how many ways can these six shoes be lined up?

Pick one

Solution

Answer (A): There are (63)=20\binom{6}{3} = 20 arrangements of the letters LLLRRR representing the positions of 3 left shoes and 3 right shoes in the row of 6 shoes. Of the 20, any sequence containing LRL or RLR will violate the condition given in the problem. There are 8 arrangements that avoid these two sequences. Call a pair of shoes matched if the 2 shoes in the pair are next to each other. There are three sets of possibilities.
* LLLRRR and RRRLLL: In these two cases, only one pair of shoes is matched. There are 3 choices for that pair, and there are 22=42 \cdot 2 = 4 ways to place the other 4 shoes for a total of 64=246 \cdot 4 = 24 arrangements for this case.
* LRRRLL, LLRRRL, RLLLR, and RRLLLR: In each of these four cases, there are 3!=63! = 6 ways to place the left shoes, but then there is a unique way to place the right shoes, for a total of 64=246 \cdot 4 = 24 arrangements in this case.
* LRRLLR and RLLRRL: In these two cases, all three pairs of shoes are matched, so, in each case, there are 3!=63! = 6 ways to place the shoes. This gives a total of 62=126 \cdot 2 = 12 arrangements.
Thus there are 24+24+12=6024 + 24 + 12 = 60 arrangements satisfying the conditions of the problem.

Label the shoes LiL_i and RiR_i for i=1,2,3i = 1, 2, 3. By symmetry it suffices to count the number of arrangements with L1L_1 first in line and multiply by 6. There are 2 choices for a left shoe coming next, say L2L_2, after which the only continuations are L3R3RjR3jL_3 R_3 R_j R_{3-j} for j=1j = 1 or 22, or R2R1R3L3R_2 R_1 R_3 L_3; this gives 2(2+1)=62 \cdot (2 + 1) = 6 arrangements. Otherwise R1R_1 comes second, followed by either RkR5kL5kLkR_k R_{5-k} L_{5-k} L_k or RkLkL5kR5kR_k L_k L_{5-k} R_{5-k} for k=2k = 2 or 33, another 2+2=42 + 2 = 4 arrangements. This gives a total of 10, so there are 610=606 \cdot 10 = 60 ways to line up the six shoes.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.