Problem:
In a circle of diameter consider points no three of which are collinear. Prove that there exist among these points which form a triangle with area less than or equal to .
Problem:
In a circle of diameter consider points no three of which are collinear. Prove that there exist among these points which form a triangle with area less than or equal to .
Solution:
Lemma: If a triangle lies in a rectangle with sides and , then the area of the triangle is less than or equal to .
Proof of the lemma: Without any loss of generality, assume that among the distances of from , that of is between the other two. Let be the line through and parallel to . Let be the intersection of and , and the distances of from respectively. Then the area of equals , since and , and we are done.
Now back to our problem. Let us cover the circle with squares of side and other irregular and equal figures as shown in Figure 9, with boundary consisting of an arc on the circle and three line segments. Call one of these figures. One of the line segments in the boundary of is of length .
The boundary segment goes through the center of the circle, forming with the horizontal lines an angle of . The point in with maximum distance from the boundary segment is the endpoint of the arc on the boundary of . This distance equals (since is isosceles), .
So can be put inside a rectangle with sides parallel to of lengths and . So the triangle formed by any three points inside this figure has an area less or equal to .
Also, the triangle formed by any three points inside any square of side has an area less or equal to .
By the Pigeonhole Principle, we know that among the given points there exist inside the same one of the squares and irregular figures of the picture covering the given circle. Then according to the above, the triangle formed by these points has an area not exceeding as wanted.

Figure 9: Exercise C3.