Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.8 AIME, harder Prove it JBMO

Problem:

In a circle of diameter 11 consider 6565 points no three of which are collinear. Prove that there exist 33 among these points which form a triangle with area less than or equal to 172\frac{1}{72}.

Solution

Solution:

Lemma: If a triangle ABCABC lies in a rectangle KLMNKLMN with sides KL=aKL = a and LM=bLM = b, then the area of the triangle is less than or equal to ab2\frac{ab}{2}.

Proof of the lemma: Without any loss of generality, assume that among the distances of A,B,CA, B, C from KLKL, that of AA is between the other two. Let \ell be the line through AA and parallel to KLKL. Let DD be the intersection of \ell and BCBC, and x,yx, y the distances of B,CB, C from \ell respectively. Then the area of ABCABC equals AD(x+y)2ab2\frac{AD(x+y)}{2} \leq \frac{ab}{2}, since ADaAD \leq a and x+ybx + y \leq b, and we are done.

Now back to our problem. Let us cover the circle with 2424 squares of side 16\frac{1}{6} and 88 other irregular and equal figures as shown in Figure 9, with boundary consisting of an arc on the circle and three line segments. Call S=ADNMS = ADNM one of these figures. One of the line segments in the boundary of SS is of length AD=ABDB=AC2BC226=(12)2(16)213=213AD = AB - DB = \sqrt{AC^2 - BC^2} - \frac{2}{6} = \sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 - \left(\frac{1}{6}\right)^2} - \frac{1}{3} = \frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{3}.

The boundary segment MNMN goes through the center CC of the circle, forming with the horizontal lines an angle of 4545^\circ. The point in SS with maximum distance from the boundary segment ABAB is the endpoint MM of the arc on the boundary of SS. This distance equals ME=MFEFME = MF - EF (since CMFCMF is isosceles), =22CM16=2416=32212= \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} CM - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} - \frac{1}{6} = \frac{3\sqrt{2} - 2}{12}.

So SS can be put inside a rectangle RR with sides parallel to AD,NDAD, ND of lengths 213\frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{3} and 32212\frac{3\sqrt{2} - 2}{12}. So the triangle formed by any three points inside this figure has an area less or equal to 1221332212=85272<172\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{\sqrt{2} - 1}{3} \cdot \frac{3\sqrt{2} - 2}{12} = \frac{8 - 5\sqrt{2}}{72} < \frac{1}{72}.

Also, the triangle formed by any three points inside any square of side 16\frac{1}{6} has an area less or equal to 121616=172\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{1}{6} \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{1}{72}.

By the Pigeonhole Principle, we know that among the 6565 given points there exist 33 inside the same one of the 3232 squares and irregular figures of the picture covering the given circle. Then according to the above, the triangle formed by these 33 points has an area not exceeding 172\frac{1}{72} as wanted.

Figure 1
Figure 9: Exercise C3.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.