Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /213 of 377

Algebra Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:
Let f(x)=x4+14x3+52x2+56x+16f(x) = x^{4} + 14 x^{3} + 52 x^{2} + 56 x + 16. Let z1,z2,z3,z4z_{1}, z_{2}, z_{3}, z_{4} be the four roots of ff. Find the smallest possible value of zazb+zczd\left|z_{a} z_{b} + z_{c} z_{d}\right| where {a,b,c,d}={1,2,3,4}\{a, b, c, d\} = \{1,2,3,4\}.

Solution

Solution:
Note that 116f(2x)=x4+7x3+13x2+7x+1\frac{1}{16} f(2x) = x^{4} + 7x^{3} + 13x^{2} + 7x + 1. Because the coefficients of this polynomial are symmetric, if rr is a root of f(x)f(x) then 4r\frac{4}{r} is as well. Further, f(1)=1f(-1) = -1 and f(2)=16f(-2) = 16 so f(x)f(x) has two distinct roots on (2,0)(-2,0) and two more roots on (,2)(-\infty,-2). Now, if σ\sigma is a permutation of {1,2,3,4}\{1,2,3,4\}:
zσ(1)zσ(2)+zσ(3)zσ(4)12(zσ(1)zσ(2)+zσ(3)zσ(4)+zσ(4)zσ(3)+zσ(2)zσ(1)) \left|z_{\sigma(1)} z_{\sigma(2)} + z_{\sigma(3)} z_{\sigma(4)}\right| \leq \frac{1}{2}\left(z_{\sigma(1)} z_{\sigma(2)} + z_{\sigma(3)} z_{\sigma(4)} + z_{\sigma(4)} z_{\sigma(3)} + z_{\sigma(2)} z_{\sigma(1)}\right)
Let the roots be ordered z1z2z3z4z_{1} \leq z_{2} \leq z_{3} \leq z_{4}, then by rearrangement the last expression is at least:
12(z1z4+z2z3+z3z2+z4z1) \frac{1}{2}\left(z_{1} z_{4} + z_{2} z_{3} + z_{3} z_{2} + z_{4} z_{1}\right)
Since the roots come in pairs z1z4=z2z3=4z_{1} z_{4} = z_{2} z_{3} = 4, our expression is minimized when σ(1)=1,σ(2)=4,σ(3)=3,σ(4)=2\sigma(1) = 1, \sigma(2) = 4, \sigma(3) = 3, \sigma(4) = 2 and its minimum value is 88.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.