Let be a connected simple graph which has vertices (where is a positive integer), but contains no triangles. Prove that the number of its edges satisfies .
Solution
We prove that any simple graph with vertices and without triangles has at most edges. We prove this by induction. When , clearly there is at most edge between 2 vertices. Assume there are at most edges when there are vertices. Consider a simple graph with vertices and without triangles.
We are done if there is no edge. So we may assume there is an edge . For any other vertex , at most one of the pair and is joined by an edge since there is no triangle. Thus, there are at most edges containing exactly one of and . Among the remaining vertices, there are at most edges by the inductive hypothesis. Therefore, the number of edges is at most
This proves the inductive step, and so we are done.
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