Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.6 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Hong Kong

Let GG be a connected simple graph which has 2p2p vertices (where pp is a positive integer), but contains no triangles. Prove that the number #E\#E of its edges satisfies #Ep2\#E \leq p^2.

Solution

We prove that any simple graph with 2n2n vertices and without triangles has at most n2n^2 edges. We prove this by induction. When n=1n=1, clearly there is at most n2=1n^2=1 edge between 2 vertices. Assume there are at most k2k^2 edges when there are 2k2k vertices. Consider a simple graph with 2(k+1)2(k+1) vertices and without triangles.

We are done if there is no edge. So we may assume there is an edge ABA-B. For any other vertex CC, at most one of the pair {A,C}\{A, C\} and {B,C}\{B, C\} is joined by an edge since there is no triangle. Thus, there are at most 2k2k edges containing exactly one of AA and BB. Among the remaining 2k2k vertices, there are at most k2k^2 edges by the inductive hypothesis. Therefore, the number of edges is at most
1+2k+k2=(k+1)2. 1 + 2k + k^2 = (k+1)^2.
This proves the inductive step, and so we are done.

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