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Number theory Difficulty 7.1 National olympiad, round 2 Prove it Netherlands

A number is called nilless if it is integer and positive and contains no zeros. You can make a positive integer nilless by simply omitting the zeros. We denote this with square brackets, for example [2050]=25[2050] = 25 and [13]=13[13] = 13. When we multiply, add, and subtract we indicate with square brackets when we omit the zeros. For example, [45]+7=[20]+7=[2+7]=[9]=9[4 \cdot 5] + 7 = [20] + 7 = [2 + 7] = [9] = 9 and [5+5]+9=[10]+9=[1+9]=[10]=1[5 + 5] + 9 = [10] + 9 = [1 + 9] = [10] = 1. The following is known about the two numbers aa and bb:
* aa and bb are nilless,
* 1<a<b<1001 < a < b < 100,
* [[ab]1]=1[[a \cdot b] - 1] = 1.
Which pairs (a,b)(a, b) satisfy these three requirements?

Solution

1. If [ab]1[a \cdot b] - 1 is a nilless number, then it follows from [[ab]1]=1[[a \cdot b] - 1] = 1 that [ab]=2[a \cdot b] = 2. This case was covered above in the solution for klas 4 and below. Now assume that [ab]1[a \cdot b] - 1 is not nilless. The difference is unequal to 1, so [ab]1[a \cdot b] - 1 is equal to 10, 100, 1000, etcetera, and hence [ab][a \cdot b] is equal to 11, 101, 1001, etcetera. But since [ab][a \cdot b] does not contain zeros, we only have the option [ab]=11[a \cdot b] = 11. Hence, aba \cdot b is a number consisting of two ones and some zeros. Since a,b<100a, b < 100 we have ab<10000a \cdot b < 10000, so aba \cdot b consists of at most four digits. We look at all the possibilities and find a nilless factorisation.

* ab=11a \cdot b = 11 and ab=101a \cdot b = 101 are not possible, because those are prime numbers and a>1a > 1. In the following we disregard factorisations with a=1a = 1.
* ab=110=2511a \cdot b = 110 = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 11 gives solutions (a,b)=(2,55)(a, b) = (2, 55) and (a,b)=(5,22)(a, b) = (5, 22). The option (a,b)=(10,11)(a, b) = (10, 11) is not possible because 10 is not nilless.
* ab=1001=71113a \cdot b = 1001 = 7 \cdot 11 \cdot 13 gives solutions (a,b)=(11,91)(a, b) = (11, 91) and (a,b)=(13,77)(a, b) = (13, 77). The option (a,b)=(7,143)(a, b) = (7, 143) is not possible because it does not have b<100b < 100.
* ab=1010=25101a \cdot b = 1010 = 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 101 also has three factorisations: 25052 \cdot 505, 52025 \cdot 202 and 1010110 \cdot 101. None of them is nilless.
* ab=1100=225511a \cdot b = 1100 = 2 \cdot 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 5 \cdot 11 gives only the solution (a,b)=(25,44)(a, b) = (25, 44). We already saw that aa and bb both do not have a factor 2 and a factor 5, so the only other option is (a,b)=(4,275)(a, b) = (4, 275) and this is a contradiction with b<100b < 100.

In total, we find seven solutions: (4,5)(4, 5), (8,25)(8, 25), (2,55)(2, 55), (5,22)(5, 22), (11,91)(11, 91), (13,77)(13, 77), and (25,44)(25, 44).

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