Solution:
Let f(x)=d9x9+d8x8+⋯+d1x+d0. If d0=0, then f(x) is divisible by x and thus reducible, so we may ignore all such polynomials. The remaining polynomials all have nonzero leading and constant coefficients.
For any polynomial p(x) of degree n with nonzero leading and constant coefficients, say p(x)=anxn+an−1xn−1+⋯+a1x+a0, define pˉ(x) to be the reversed polynomial a0xn+a1xn−1+⋯+an−1x+an. Observe that pˉ(x) also has degree n and furthermore, pˉ(x)=xn(a0+a1(x1)+⋯+an−1(x1)n−1+an(x1)n)=xnp(x1).
Consider pairing each f(x) with fˉ(x) whenever f(x)=fˉ(x). If f(x) is reducible, it can be factored as f(x)=g(x)h(x) where degg,degh≥1. Because the leading and constant coefficients of f(x) are nonzero, so are the leading and constant coefficients of g(x) and h(x). Hence gˉ(x) and hˉ(x) are well defined with deggˉ=degg≥1 and deghˉ=degh≥1. Furthermore,
fˉ(x)=x9f(x1)=x9g(x1)h(x1)=(xdeggg(x1))(xdeghh(x1))=gˉ(x)hˉ(x)
Thus fˉ(x)=gˉ(x)hˉ(x) is a factorization of fˉ(x) into two non-constant polynomials, so fˉ(x) is also reducible. Therefore f(x) is irreducible if and only if fˉ(x) is irreducible, so considering each pair, there are an even number of irreducible polynomials with f(x)=fˉ(x).
Finally, note that if f(x)=fˉ(x), then di=d9−i for each i. In such a case, we have f(−1)=(d0−d9)+(d2−d7)+(d4−d5)+(d6−d3)+(d8−d1)=0, so by the Factor Theorem, (x+1) is a factor of f(x). Therefore these remaining polynomials are all reducible.