Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Canada

Problem:

Let A=(a1,a2,,a2000)A = (a_{1}, a_{2}, \ldots, a_{2000}) be a sequence of integers each lying in the interval [1000,1000][-1000, 1000]. Suppose that the entries in AA sum to 11. Show that some nonempty subsequence of AA sums to zero.

Solution

Solution:

We may assume no entry of AA is zero, for otherwise we are done. We sort AA into a new list B=(b1,,b2000)B = (b_{1}, \ldots, b_{2000}) by selecting elements from AA one at a time in such a way that b1>0b_{1} > 0, b2<0b_{2} < 0 and, for each i=2,3,,2000i = 2, 3, \ldots, 2000, the sign of bib_{i} is opposite to that of the partial sum
si1=b1+b2++bi1. s_{i-1} = b_{1} + b_{2} + \cdots + b_{i-1}.
(We can assume that each si10s_{i-1} \neq 0 for otherwise we are done.) At each step of the selection process a candidate for bib_{i} is guaranteed to exist, since the condition a1+a2++a2000=1a_{1} + a_{2} + \cdots + a_{2000} = 1 implies that the sum of unselected entries in AA is either zero or has sign opposite to si1s_{i-1}.
From the way they were defined, each of s1,s2,,s2000s_{1}, s_{2}, \ldots, s_{2000} is one of the 1999 nonzero integers in the interval [999,1000][-999, 1000]. By the Pigeon Hole Principle, sj=sks_{j} = s_{k} for some j,kj, k satisfying 1j<k20001 \leq j < k \leq 2000. Thus bj+1+bj+2++bk=0b_{j+1} + b_{j+2} + \cdots + b_{k} = 0 and we are done.

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