Maths Olympiad Prep

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Algebra Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it JBMO

Problem:
Let x,y,zx, y, z be real numbers, satisfying the relations
{x20y40z1675x+y+z=2015 \left\{\begin{array}{l} x \geq 20 \\ y \geq 40 \\ z \geq 1675 \\ x+y+z=2015 \end{array}\right.
Find the greatest value of the product P=xyzP = x \cdot y \cdot z.

Solution

Solution:
By virtue of z1675z \geq 1675 we have
y+z<2015y<2015z20151675<1675 y+z<2015 \Leftrightarrow y<2015-z \leq 2015-1675<1675
It follows that (1675y)(1675z)0yz1675(y+z1675)(1675-y) \cdot (1675-z) \leq 0 \Leftrightarrow y \cdot z \leq 1675 \cdot (y+z-1675).
By using the inequality uv(u+v2)2u \cdot v \leq \left(\frac{u+v}{2}\right)^2 for all real numbers u,vu, v we obtain
P=xyz1675x(y+z1675)1675(x+y+z16752)2=1675(201516752)2=16751702=48407500 \begin{gathered} P = x \cdot y \cdot z \leq 1675 \cdot x \cdot (y+z-1675) \leq 1675 \cdot \left(\frac{x+y+z-1675}{2}\right)^2 = \\ 1675 \cdot \left(\frac{2015-1675}{2}\right)^2 = 1675 \cdot 170^2 = 48407500 \end{gathered}
We have P=xyz=48407500{x+y+z=2015,z=1675,x=y+z1675{x=170y=170z=1675 \text{We have } P = x \cdot y \cdot z = 48407500 \Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} x + y + z = 2015, \\ z = 1675, \\ x = y + z - 1675 \end{array}\right. \Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{array}{l} x = 170 \\ y = 170 \\ z = 1675 \end{array}\right.
So, the greatest value of the product is P=xyz=48407500P = x \cdot y \cdot z = 48407500.

Let S={(x,y,z)x20,y40,z1675,x+y+z=2015}S = \{(x, y, z) \mid x \geq 20, y \geq 40, z \geq 1675, x+y+z=2015\} and Π={xyz(x,y,z)S}\Pi = \{|x \cdot y \cdot z| \mid (x, y, z) \in S\}. We have to find the biggest element of Π\Pi. By using the given inequalities we obtain:
{20x30040y3201675z1955y<1000<z \left\{\begin{array}{l} 20 \leq x \leq 300 \\ 40 \leq y \leq 320 \\ 1675 \leq z \leq 1955 \\ y < 1000 < z \end{array}\right.
Let z=1675+dz = 1675 + d. Since x300x \leq 300 so (1675+d)x=1675x+dx1675x+1675d=1675(x+d)(1675 + d) \cdot x = 1675 x + d x \leq 1675 x + 1675 d = 1675 \cdot (x + d). That means that if (x,y,1675+d)S(x, y, 1675 + d) \in S then (x+d,y,1675)S(x + d, y, 1675) \in S, and xy(1675+d)(x+d)y1675x \cdot y \cdot (1675 + d) \leq (x + d) \cdot y \cdot 1675. Therefore z=1675z = 1675 must be for the greatest product.
Furthermore, xy(x+y2)2=(201516752)2=(3402)2=1702x \cdot y \leq \left(\frac{x+y}{2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{2015-1675}{2}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{340}{2}\right)^2 = 170^2. Since (170,170,1675)S(170, 170, 1675) \in S that means that the biggest element of Π\Pi is 1701701675=48407500170 \cdot 170 \cdot 1675 = 48407500

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