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Algebra Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

Real numbers xx, yy and zz satisfy x+y+z=4x + y + z = 4 and 1x+1y+1z=13\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z} = \frac{1}{3}. Find the largest and the smallest possible value of the expression x3+y3+z3+xyzx^3 + y^3 + z^3 + xyz.

Solution

(x+y+z)3=x3+y3+z3+3(x2y+xy2+x2z+y2z+y2x+xyz)+6xyz,(x + y + z)^3 = x^3 + y^3 + z^3 + 3(x^2y + xy^2 + x^2z + y^2z + y^2x + xyz) + 6xyz,
while
(3(x+y+z)(1x+1y+1z)xyz=3(x+y+z)(xy+xz+yz)=3(x2y+xy2+x2z+xz2+y2z+yz2)+9xyz.(3(x + y + z) \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z}\right) xyz = 3(x + y + z)(xy + xz + yz) \\ = 3(x^2y + xy^2 + x^2z + xz^2 + y^2z + yz^2) + 9xyz.
Thus
(x+y+z)33(x+y+z)(1x+1y+1z)xyz=x3+y3+z33xyz.(x + y + z)^3 - 3(x + y + z) \left(\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z}\right) xyz = x^3 + y^3 + z^3 - 3xyz.
By assumptions, x+y+z=4x + y + z = 4 and 1x+1y+1z=13\frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{y} + \frac{1}{z} = \frac{1}{3}. Hence 644xyz=x3+y3+z33xyz64 - 4xyz = x^3 + y^3 + z^3 - 3xyz, implying x3+y3+z3+xyz=64x^3 + y^3 + z^3 + xyz = 64. Consequently, the expression x3+y3+z3+xyzx^3 + y^3 + z^3 + xyz has only one value 64.

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