Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2009

Combinatorics Difficulty 6.7 National Olympiad Prove it JBMO

Problem:
Determine all pairs (m,n)(m, n) for which it is possible to tile the table m×nm \times n with "corners" as in the figure below, with the condition that in the tiling there is no rectangle (except for the m×nm \times n one) regularly covered with corners.

Figure 1

Solution

Solution:
Every "corner" covers exactly 3 squares, so a necessary condition for the tiling to exist is 3mn3 \mid m n.

First, we shall prove that for a tiling with our condition to exist, it is necessary that both m,nm, n for m,n>3m, n>3 to be even. Suppose the contrary, i.e. suppose that m>3m>3 is odd (without losing generality). Look at the "corners" that cover squares on the side of length mm of table m×nm \times n. Because mm is odd, there must be a "corner" which covers exactly one square of that side. But any placement of that corner forces existence of a 2×32 \times 3 rectangle in the tiling. Thus, mm and nn for m,n>3m, n>3 must be even and at least one of them is divisible by 3.

Notice that in the corners of table m×nm \times n, the "corner" must be placed such that it covers the square in the corner of the rectangle and its two neighboring squares, otherwise, again, a 2×32 \times 3 rectangle would form.

If one of mm and nn is 2 then condition forces that the only convenient tables are 2×32 \times 3 and 3×23 \times 2. If we try to find the desired tiling when m=4m=4, then we are forced to stop at table 4×64 \times 6 because of the conditions of problem.

We easily find an example of a desired tiling for the table 6×66 \times 6 and, more generally, a tiling for a 6×2k6 \times 2 k table.

Thus, it will be helpful to prove that the desired tiling exists for tables 6k×46 k \times 4 \ell, for k,2k, \ell \geq 2. Divide that table at rectangle 6×46 \times 4 and tile that rectangle as we described. Now, change placement of problematic "corners" as in figure.

Thus, we get desired tiling for this type of table.

Similarly, we prove existence in case 6k×(4+2)6 k \times (4 \ell+2) where k,2k, \ell \geq 2. But, we first divide table at two tables 6k×66 k \times 6 and 6k×4(1)6 k \times 4(\ell-1). Divide them at rectangles 6×66 \times 6 and 6×46 \times 4. Tile them as we described earlier, and arrange problematic "corners" as in previous case. So, 2×3,3×2,6×2k,2k×6,k22 \times 3, 3 \times 2, 6 \times 2 k, 2 k \times 6, k \geq 2, and 6k×46 k \times 4 \ell for k,2k, \ell \geq 2 and 6k×(4+2)6 k \times (4 \ell+2) for k,2k, \ell \geq 2 are the convenient pairs.

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