Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 6.9 National Olympiad Prove it United States

Problem:

In the Cartesian plane, a perfectly reflective semicircular room is bounded by the upper half of the unit circle centered at (0,0)(0,0) and the line segment from (1,0)(-1,0) to (1,0)(1,0). David stands at the point (1,0)(-1,0) and shines a flashlight into the room at an angle of 4646^{\circ} above the horizontal. How many times does the light beam reflect off the walls before coming back to David at (1,0)(-1,0) for the first time?

Solution

Solution:

Note that when the beam reflects off the xx-axis, we can reflect the entire room across the xx-axis instead. Therefore, the number of times the beam reflects off a circular wall in our semicircular room is equal to the number of times the beam reflects off a circular wall in a room bounded by the unit circle centered at (0,0)(0,0). Furthermore, the number of times the beam reflects off the xx-axis wall in our semicircular room is equal to the number of times the beam crosses the xx-axis in the room bounded by the unit circle. We will count each of these separately.

We first find the number of times the beam reflects off a circular wall. Note that the path of the beam is made up of a series of chords of equal length within the unit circle, each chord connecting the points from two consecutive reflections. Through simple angle chasing, we find that the angle subtended by each chord is 180246=88180-2 \cdot 46=88^{\circ}. Therefore, the nnth point of reflection in the unit circle is (cos(88n),sin(88n))(-\cos (88 n), \sin (88 n)). The beam returns to (1,0)(-1,0) when
88n0(mod360)11n0(mod45)n=45 88 n \equiv 0 \quad(\bmod 360) \Longleftrightarrow 11 n \equiv 0 \quad(\bmod 45) \rightarrow n=45
but since we're looking for the number of time the beam is reflected before it comes back to David, we only count 451=4445-1=44 of these reflections.

Next, we consider the number of times the beam is reflected off the xx-axis. This is simply the number of times the beam crosses the xx-axis in the unit circle room before returning to David, which happens every 180180^{\circ} around the circle. Thus, we have 88451801=21\frac{88 \cdot 45}{180}-1=21 reflections off the xx-axis, where we subtract 1 to remove the instance when the beam returns to (1,0)(-1,0). Thus, the total number of reflections is 44+21=6544+21=65.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.