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Geometry Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Serbia

The incircle of ABC\triangle A B C has its center at point II and touches side BCB C at point DD. On segments BIB I and CIC I points PP and QQ are chosen, respectively, such that B A C=2 P A Q\text{B A C=2 P A Q}. Prove that: P D Q=90\text{P D Q=90}.

(Dušan Đukić)

Solution

Solution:

Let us denote by EE and FF, respectively, the feet of the perpendiculars from PP and QQ to line BCB C, and by MM the midpoint of segment PQP Q.

Consider the point XX on side BCB C such that B A X=2 B A P\text{B A X=2 B A P}. Then also C A X= B A C-2 B A P=2 C A Q\text{C A X= B A C-2 B A P=2 C A Q}, so PP and QQ are, respectively, the incenters of triangles BAXB A X and CAXC A X. It follows that XPX P and XQX Q are the bisectors of angles BXAB X A and CXAC X A, so P X Q=90\text{P X Q=90}.

The condition P D Q=90\text{P D Q=90} is equivalent to MD=MP=MQ=MXM D=M P=M Q=M X, and since ME=MFM E=M F, it suffices to prove that DE=XFD E=X F. Both lengths are easily computed on the basis of the "big problem":

DE=BDBE=AB+BCAC2AB+BXAX2=CXAC+AX2=XFD E=B D-B E=\frac{A B+B C-A C}{2}-\frac{A B+B X-A X}{2}=\frac{C X-A C+A X}{2}=X F.

Figure 1

Second solution. Let line BIB I intersect the circumcircle of APQ\triangle A P Q again at point NN. We have A I N=180 - B I A=90 - 2 = D I Q\text{A I N=180 - B I A=90 - 2 = D I Q}. Also, since I N Q= P A Q= 2\text{I N Q= P A Q= 2} and I Q N= B I C- I N Q= (90 + 2 )- 2 =90\text{I Q N= B I C- I N Q= (90 + 2 )- 2 =90}, we have IQIN=sinα2=IAID\frac{I Q}{I N}=\sin \frac{\alpha}{2}=\frac{I A}{I D}, whence IAIN=IDIQ\frac{I A}{I N}=\frac{I D}{I Q}. It follows that triangles DIQD I Q and AINA I N are similar, so

I D Q= I A N=180 - A I N- A N I=180 - (90 - 2 )- A N P=90 + 2 - A Q P\text{I D Q= I A N=180 - A I N- A N I=180 - (90 - 2 )- A N P=90 + 2 - A Q P}.

Analogously, I D P=90 + 2 - A P Q\text{I D P=90 + 2 - A P Q}, so by adding we obtain

P D Q=180 + + 2 - (180 - P A Q )=90\text{P D Q=180 + + 2 - (180 - P A Q )=90}.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from sr; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.