Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2012

Algebra Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Saudi Arabia

Prove that there exists a finite sequence of distinct positive integers n1,n2,,nkn_1, n_2, \dots, n_k, such that
2012<i=1k1ni<2012+(12012)2012. 2012 < \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{n_i} < 2012 + \left(\frac{1}{2012}\right)^{2012}.

Solution

We use the fact that the harmonic series i=11i\sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{i} diverges. This means that for any real MM, we can find an nn such that i=1n1i>M\sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{1}{i} > M. But i=1k1i\sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{i} is finite for any fixed kk, so therefore for any real MM and integer kk we can find an nn such that i=k+1n1i>M\sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \frac{1}{i} > M.

Take the smallest value of mm such that i=20122012m1i>2012\sum_{i=2012^{2012}}^{m} \frac{1}{i} > 2012. We claim that n1=20122012n_1 = 2012^{2012}, n2=20122012+1,,nk=mn_2 = 2012^{2012} + 1, \dots, n_k = m is a sequence that works. We have by hypothesis that 2012<i=1k1ni2012 < \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{n_i}.

Suppose that i=1k1ni2012+(12012)2012\sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{n_i} \ge 2012 + \left(\frac{1}{2012}\right)^{2012}. Because m>20122012m > 2012^{2012}, we have i=1k11ni>2012\sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \frac{1}{n_i} > 2012. But this means i=20122012m11i>2012\sum_{i=2012^{2012}}^{m-1} \frac{1}{i} > 2012, contradicting the minimality of mm. So in fact we must have i=1k1ni<2012+(12012)2012\sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{n_i} < 2012 + \left(\frac{1}{2012}\right)^{2012}, as desired.

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