Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Prove it Slovenia

Find all positive integers nn for which there exists a rectangle, such that the lengths of its sides are positive integers while its perimeter equals nn and is equal to the area of the rectangle.

Solution

Let aa and bb be the lengths of the sides of a rectangle that satisfies the conditions. Then 2(a+b)=n=ab2(a+b) = n = ab. This equality can be rewritten as a(b2)=2ba(b-2) = 2b. Now we can express aa in terms of bb:
a=2bb2=2(b2)b2+4b2=2+4b2. a = \frac{2b}{b-2} = \frac{2(b-2)}{b-2} + \frac{4}{b-2} = 2 + \frac{4}{b-2}.

Since aa and bb are positive integers, the number b2b-2 must divide 44. On the other hand b2b-2 is greater than 2-2, so we conclude that it can only be equal to 1,1,2-1, 1, 2 or 44. Thus, bb equals 1,3,41, 3, 4 or 66 and aa, respectively, equals 2,6,4-2, 6, 4 or 33. The first case is not a valid solution since 2-2 is not a positive integer. In the second and fourth case we get n=18n=18, in the third case n=16n=16.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.