Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2011

Combinatorics Difficulty 5.0 AIME Prove it South Africa

Two evenly matched teams are engaged in a series of games, which ends as soon as a team wins four games. Is it more likely for the series to end in exactly six games or in exactly seven games?

Solution

Let the two teams be AA and BB, and represent each possible series as a bit string, where a 11 represents a win by team AA and a 00 a win by team BB. Let SS be the set of all possible bit strings. We need to determine whether there are more bit strings of length 66 or length 77 in SS. For each bit string sSs \in S, the bit string obtained from ss by interchanging 00 and 11 is also in SS, so we may restrict our attention to bit strings ending in a 11.

The number of bit strings of length 66 is equal to (53)\binom{5}{3} (exactly 33 of the first 55 bits must be a 11 for AA to win the tournament in the sixth game), while the number of bit strings of length 77 is equal to (63)\binom{6}{3}. Since (63)>(53)\binom{6}{3} > \binom{5}{3}, we conclude that the tournament is more likely to end in exactly 77 games.

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