a) First, note that
P2020=1⋅(1⋅2)⋅(1⋅2⋅3)⋯(1⋅2⋅3⋯2020)=12020⋅22019⋅32018⋯20192⋅2020=(11010⋅21009⋅31009⋯2018⋅2019)2⋅(2⋅4⋅6⋯2020)=(11010⋅21009⋅31009⋯2018⋅2019)2⋅21010⋅1010!
which implies that m=1010 is a solution.
Assume there is another solution m. Then, as P2020/1010! is a perfect square, we have that
P2020/1010!P2020/m!=m!1010!
is the square of a rational number.
If m<1009, then 1010!/m! is an integer that is a multiple of 1009, which is prime, but not a multiple of 10092; therefore, m is not a solution. It is clear that m=1009 is not a solution either.
If m≥1013, then m!/1010! is a multiple of 1013, which is prime; so, in order that it is a multiple of 10132, we should have m≥2⋅1013=2026. But 2027 is prime and P2020 does not have 2027 as a factor; then m<2027. Thus, the only possibility is m=2026, which is not a solution, since 2026!/1010! is a multiple of 1019, which is prime, but not a multiple of 10192.
The remaining cases are m=1011 and m=1012. It is immediate to verify that they are not solutions, since 1011 and 1011⋅1012 are not perfect squares.
b) Similarly as in a), note that if n=4t and m=2t for a positive integer t, then Pn/m! is a perfect square, since
Pn=14t⋅24t−1⋅34t−2⋯(4t−1)2⋅4t=(12t⋅22t−1⋅32t−1⋯(4t−1))2⋅22t⋅(2t)!
Consider n=8(k2+k). Then, as we have already shown, for m=4(k2+k) we have a solution. We will now show that Pn/(m+1)! is also a perfect square. Note that m+1=4k2+4k+1=(2k+1)2, and
(m+1)!Pn=m+11⋅m!Pn=(2k+1)21⋅(1m⋅2m−1⋯(2k+1)m−k⋯(n−1))2⋅2m=(1m⋅2m−1⋯(2k+1)m−k−1⋯(n−1))2⋅2m
which is an integer, since m−k−1=4k2+3k−1>0 for k≥1.