Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2010

Geometry Difficulty 5.9 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

Let the angles of a triangle be α\alpha, β\beta, and γ\gamma, the perimeter 2p2p and the radius of the circumcircle RR. Prove the inequality
cot2α+cot2β+cot2γ3(9R2p21). cot^2 \alpha + cot^2 \beta + cot^2 \gamma \ge 3 \left( \frac{9R^2}{p^2} - 1 \right).
When is the equality achieved?

Solution

Let the opposite sides of the angles α\alpha, β\beta, and γ\gamma be correspondingly aa, bb, and cc. Since cot2α=1/sin2α1\cot^2 \alpha = 1/\sin^2 \alpha - 1 and from the law of sines 1/sinα=2R/a1/\sin \alpha = 2R/a, we have cot2α=4R2/a21\cot^2 \alpha = 4R^2/a^2 - 1; similarly cot2β=4R2/b21\cot^2 \beta = 4R^2/b^2 - 1 and cot2γ=4R2/c21\cot^2 \gamma = 4R^2/c^2 - 1. The inequality can therefore be written as
4R2(1a2+1b2+1c2)33(49R2(a+b+c)21), 4R^2 \cdot \left( \frac{1}{a^2} + \frac{1}{b^2} + \frac{1}{c^2} \right) - 3 \ge 3 \cdot \left( \frac{4 \cdot 9R^2}{(a+b+c)^2} - 1 \right),
or
1a2+1b2+1c227(a+b+c)2. \frac{1}{a^2} + \frac{1}{b^2} + \frac{1}{c^2} \ge \frac{27}{(a+b+c)^2}.
Dividing both sides by 3 and taking the square root gives
13(1a2+1b2+1c2)3a+b+c. \sqrt{\frac{1}{3} \cdot \left( \frac{1}{a^2} + \frac{1}{b^2} + \frac{1}{c^2} \right)} \ge \frac{3}{a+b+c}.
The left side is the quadratic mean of 1a\frac{1}{a}, 1b\frac{1}{b}, 1c\frac{1}{c} and the right side is the harmonic mean of the same numbers, hence the inequality holds.
The equality holds iff a=b=ca = b = c.

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