Maths Olympiad Prep

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, 2020

Number theory Difficulty 8.2 Shortlist Prove it Taiwan

Does there exist a positive integer mm for which the equation
(a3a)(b3b)=mc2. (a^3 - a)(b^3 - b) = mc^2.
has infinitely many positive integer solutions (a,b,c)(a, b, c) in which aba \neq b?

Solution

We assert that m=13m = 13 works.
There are infinitely many integers bb satisfying 4b23=13k24b^2 - 3 = 13k^2 for some kk, because (b,k)=(2,1)(b, k) = (2, 1) is a solution, and 1821352=118^2 - 13 \cdot 5^2 = -1, so one can generate arbitrarily many solutions using Pell equations. Specifically, we take (2+13)(18135)2m(2 + \sqrt{13})(18 - 13\sqrt{5})^{2m} to get a norm of 3(1)2m=33 \cdot (-1)^{2m} = 3.
Then, let a=b(4b23)a = b(4b^2 - 3). Now,
a1=(2b+1)2(b1) a - 1 = (2b + 1)^2(b - 1)
a+1=(2b1)2(b+1). a + 1 = (2b - 1)^2(b + 1).
Therefore,
(a3a)(b3b)=[(b1)(b)(b+1)(2b1)(2b+1)]2(4b23) (a^3 - a)(b^3 - b) = [(b-1)(b)(b+1)(2b-1)(2b+1)]^2 \cdot (4b^2 - 3)
which is a square.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from zh; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.