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Number theory Difficulty 6.9 National olympiad Prove it India

Suppose dd, uu, vv, ww are positive integers such that uu, vv, ww are distinct and
d3d(uv+vw+wu)2uvw=0. d^3 - d(uv + vw + wu) - 2uvw = 0.
Prove that dd cannot be a prime. Find also the least possible value of dd.

Solution

Note that u=1u = 1, v=2v = 2, w=3w = 3 gives d311d12=0d^3 - 11d - 12 = 0 which has no integer solutions. Thus uvw>8uvw > 8 and uv+vw+wu3(uvw)2/3>12uv + vw + wu \ge 3(uvw)^{2/3} > 12. This shows that d3>12d+16d^3 > 12d + 16 and we infer that d5d \ge 5.

If dd is a prime, dd has to be an odd prime, say d=pd = p. Then p3=p(uv+vw+wu)+2uvwp^3 = p(uv + vw + wu) + 2uvw, so that pp divides uvwuvw. Assume pup|u, and write u=pu1u = pu_1. If pp divides vwvw, it must divide either vv or ww. But then
p(uv+vw+wu)>pu(v+w)>p2(p+1)>p3. p(uv + vw + wu) > pu(v + w) > p^2(p + 1) > p^3.
Thus pp cannot divide vwvw. The relation now reduces to
p2=pu1(v+w)+vw(1+2u1). p^2 = pu_1(v + w) + vw(1 + 2u_1).
It follows that pp divides 1+2u11 + 2u_1. Thus 1+2u1p1 + 2u_1 \ge p or u1(p1)/2u_1 \ge (p-1)/2. Since vv, ww are distinct, we have v+w3v + w \ge 3. Thus
p(uv+vw+wu)>pu(v+w)3p2u13p2(p1)2>p3, p(uv + vw + wu) > pu(v + w) \ge 3p^2 u_1 \ge \frac{3p^2(p-1)}{2} > p^3,
if p3p \ge 3. We conclude that dd cannot be an odd prime.

Suppose d=6d = 6. Substituting in the given relation, we see that 3uvw3|uvw. Assume 3u3|u, so that u=3u1u = 3u_1. We obtain
36=3u1(v+w)+vw(1+u1). 36 = 3u_1(v + w) + vw(1 + u_1).
Thus 3vw(1+u1)3|vw(1 + u_1). Observe that 3u1(v+w)<363u_1(v + w) < 36 and v+w3v + w \ge 3. Hence u1<4u_1 < 4. Thus either 3vw3|vw or u1=2u_1 = 2. But u1=2u_1 = 2 shows that 12=2(v+w)+vw12 = 2(v + w) + vw forcing v=w=2v = w = 2. Since vwv \ne w, the other possibility is 3vw3|vw. Taking 3v3|v, we have v=3v1v = 3v_1 and
12=3u1v1+w(u1+v1)+u1v1w. 12 = 3u_1v_1 + w(u_1 + v_1) + u_1v_1w.
Thus u1v1(3+w)<12u_1v_1(3 + w) < 12. This forces u1v1<3u_1v_1 < 3 giving (u1,v1)=(1,2)(u_1, v_1) = (1, 2) or (2,1)(2, 1). But then u1+v1=3u_1 + v_1 = 3 and u1v1=2u_1v_1 = 2, giving 12=6+5w12 = 6 + 5w. This is impossible for an integer ww.

We conclude that d8d \ge 8. For d=8d = 8, we may take (u,v,w)=(2,4,7)(u, v, w) = (2, 4, 7).

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