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Algebra Difficulty 5.9 AIME, harder Prove it Saudi Arabia

Let R\mathbb{R} be the set of real numbers. Find all functions f:RRf: \mathbb{R} \rightarrow \mathbb{R} satisfying the condition
f(xf(y)y)+f(xyx)+f(x+y)=2xy f(x f(y)-y)+f(x y-x)+f(x+y)=2 x y
for all x,yRx, y \in \mathbb{R}.

Solution

Let denote by P(x,y)P(x, y) the equation
f(xf(y)y)+f(xyx)+f(x+y)=2xy. f(x f(y)-y)+f(x y-x)+f(x+y)=2 x y.
P(0,y)P(0, y) gives us f(y)+f(y)=0,yf(-y)+f(y)=0, \forall y. Thus ff is an odd function.

P(1,y)P(-1, y) follows
f(f(y)y)+f(y+1)+f(1+y)=2y. f(-f(y)-y)+f(-y+1)+f(-1+y)=-2 y.
From this, since ff is odd, we have f(f(y)y)=2yf(-f(y)-y)=-2 y and thus f(f(y)+y)=2yf(f(y)+ y)=2 y. So ff is surjective.

Since ff is surjective, there is real number aa such that f(a)=1f(a)=-1.

P(x,a)P(x, a) gives us
f(xa)+f(axx)+f(x+a)=2ax. f(-x-a)+f(a x-x)+f(x+a)=2 a x.
From this, again since ff is odd we have f(axx)=2axf(a x-x)=2 a x for all xRx \in \mathbb{R}.\ (*)$

If a=1a=1 then from above equation, we have f(0)=2x,xRf(0)=2 x, \forall x \in \mathbb{R}, which is a contradiction. Thus, a1a \neq 1.

Replace x=ta1x=\frac{t}{a-1} in ()(*), we have
f(t)=2aa1t=ct with c=2aa1. f(t)=\frac{2 a}{a-1} t=c t \text{ with } c=\frac{2 a}{a-1}.
Replace back into the original equation, we have
c(cxyy)+c(xyx)+c(x+y)=2xy. c(c x y-y)+c(x y-x)+c(x+y)=2 x y.
From which (c2+c2)xy=0,x,yR\left(c^{2}+c-2\right) x y=0, \forall x, y \in \mathbb{R} which implies that c{1,2}c \in\{1,-2\}.

So f(x)=xf(x)=x or f(x)=2xf(x)=-2 x for all xRx \in \mathbb{R}.

It is easy to check that these two functions satisfy the condition.

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