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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.6 National olympiad Prove it Bulgaria

Let d3d \ge 3 be a positive integer. The binary strings of length dd are split into 2d12^{d-1} pairs, such that the strings in each pair differ in exactly one position. Show that there exists an alternating cycle of length at most 2d22d-2, i.e. at most 2d22d-2 binary strings that can be arranged on a circle so that any pair of adjacent strings differ in exactly one position and exactly half of the pairs of adjacent strings are pairs in the split.
(Lyuben Lichev)

Solution

Consider a graph GG with vertices the binary vectors of length dd and edges connecting the pairs of vectors that differ in exactly one position. Let M\mathcal{M} be a complete dd-dimensional pairing. We will prove that for each vertex x{0,1}d\mathbf{x} \in \{0,1\}^d of GG we can find an alternating cycle of length no more than 2d22d-2 among the distance vectors of the most many 2 of x\mathbf{x}.

Let x{0,1}d\mathbf{x} \in \{0,1\}^d have as neighbors x1,x2,,xd\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2, \dots, \mathbf{x}_d in GG. Without loss of generality let {x,x1}M\{\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x}_1\} \in \mathcal{M}, and the vectors x2,,xd\mathbf{x}_2, \dots, \mathbf{x}_d form pairs in M\mathcal{M} respectively with y2,,yd\mathbf{y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{y}_d (which are at distance 2 from x\mathbf{x}). Notice that each of the vectors y2,,yd\mathbf{y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{y}_d has exactly two neighbors among x1,x2,,yd\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2, \dots, \mathbf{y}_d in GG. We will consider two cases:

Case 1. Any of the vectors y2,,yd\mathbf{y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{y}_d, say yi\mathbf{y}_i, is a neighbor of x1\mathbf{x}_1 in GG. Then x,x1,yi,xi\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{y}_i, \mathbf{x}_i form an alternating cycle of length 42d24 \le 2d-2.

Case 2. None of the vectors y2,,yd\mathbf{y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{y}_d is a neighbor of x1\mathbf{x}_1 in GG. Consider the following algorithm. At the beginning, let's place a token at vertex x2\mathbf{x}_2 and at each step:

* if the token is located at a vertex xi\mathbf{x}_i for some i{2,,d}i \in \{2, \dots, d\}, we move it to a vertex yi\mathbf{y}_i;
* if the token is located at a vertex yi\mathbf{y}_i for some i{2,,d}i \in \{2, \dots, d\}, we move it to the neighbor of yi\mathbf{y}_i other than xi\mathbf{x}_i.

Obviously, after no more than 2d22d-2 runs of the algorithm, some vertex will be repeated. Since the algorithm describes a walk on the graph GG where every odd edge is in M\mathcal{M} and every even edge is outside M\mathcal{M}, it finds an alternating cycle after at most 2d22d-2 moves, whence the statement also follows in this case. \square

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