Consider f(x)=(1+x)(1+x2)…(1+x2013)=∑nanxn. Then
∣Tr∣=k∑[x7k+r]f(x)=k∑a7k+r.
Let ϵ=e72πi, i.e. ϵ is a 7th root of unity. We use the following well known facts.
1+ϵ+ϵ2+⋯+ϵ6=0,(1)
k=1∑6ϵkr=6, if 7∣r,k=1∑6ϵkr=−1, if 7∤r.(2)
Hence ∑i=06f(ϵi)=∑i=06∑nanϵni=∑n∑i=06ϵni=∑7∣n7an=7∣T0∣. Analogously,
∣Tr∣=71i=0∑6ϵ−rif(ϵi)=71(22013+i=1∑6ϵ−rif(ϵi)).
Let g(x)=x7−1=(x−ϵ)(x−ϵ2)…(x−ϵ7). Then
g(−1)=−2=(−1−ϵ)(−1−ϵ2)…(−1−ϵ7),
and
(1+ϵ)(1+ϵ2)…(1+ϵ7)=2.
Since ϵ7=1 and 2013=7⋅287+4,
f(ϵ)=(1+ϵ)(1+ϵ2)…(1+ϵ2013)=[(1+ϵ)(1+ϵ2)…(1+ϵ7)]287(1+ϵ)(1+ϵ2)(1+ϵ3)(1+ϵ4)==2287[(1+ϵ)(1+ϵ2)(1+ϵ4)](1+ϵ3)=2287[1+ϵ+⋯+ϵ7](1+ϵ3)=2287(1+ϵ3).
Thus f(ϵi)=2287(1+ϵ3i), for 1≤i≤6.
∣Tr∣=71[22013+2287⋅i=1∑6(ϵ−ri+ϵ(3−r)i)].
From (1) and (2)
i=1∑6(ϵ−ri+ϵ(3−r)i)={6−1=5,−1−1=−2,r=0,3r=1,2,4,5,6
Hence
∣Tr∣={722013+5⋅2287,722013−2288,r=0,3r=1,2,4,5,6