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Number theory Difficulty 6.0 National Olympiad Prove it Ireland

Find all solutions in positive integers of the equation
x4+y4+z4+1008=2x2y2+2y2z2+2z2x2. x^{4} + y^{4} + z^{4} + 1008 = 2x^{2}y^{2} + 2y^{2}z^{2} + 2z^{2}x^{2}.

Solution

Rewrite the equation as a quadratic in x2x^2
1008=x4+y4+z42x2y22y2z22z2x2=x42(y2+z2)x2+(y2z2)2. \begin{aligned} -1008 &= x^4 + y^4 + z^4 - 2x^2y^2 - 2y^2z^2 - 2z^2x^2 \\ &= x^4 - 2(y^2 + z^2)x^2 + (y^2 - z^2)^2. \end{aligned}
The discriminant is equal to (y2+z2)2(y2z2)2=4y2z2=(2yz)2(y^2 + z^2)^2 - (y^2 - z^2)^2 = 4y^2z^2 = (2yz)^2, hence the roots x2x^2 of the right hand side are y2+z2±2yz=(y±z)2y^2 + z^2 \pm 2yz = (y \pm z)^2. Therefore, the right hand side above factorises as
(x2(y+z)2)(x2(yz)2)=(x+(y+z))(x(y+z))(x+(yz))(x(yz))=(x+y+z)(xyz)(x+yz)(xy+z). \begin{aligned} & (x^2 - (y+z)^2)(x^2 - (y-z)^2) \\ &= (x+(y+z))(x-(y+z))(x+(y-z))(x-(y-z)) \\ &= (x+y+z)(x-y-z)(x+y-z)(x-y+z). \end{aligned}
This implies 1008=(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+yz)(xy+z)=tuvw1008 = (x + y + z)(-x + y + z)(x + y - z)(x - y + z) = t \cdot u \cdot v \cdot w, where we abbreviate t=x+y+zt = x + y + z, u=x+y+zu = -x + y + z, v=xy+zv = x - y + z and w=x+yzw = x + y - z. We now have t=u+v+wt = u + v + w and tuvw=24327t \cdot u \cdot v \cdot w = 2^4 \cdot 3^2 \cdot 7 and obtain v+w=2xv + w = 2x, w+u=2yw + u = 2y and u+v=2zu + v = 2z, which implies that u,v,w,tu, v, w, t all have the same parity. As 10081008 is even, these four numbers must be even, i.e. there are integers t,u,v,wt', u', v', w' so that t=2t,u=2u,v=2v,w=2wt = 2t', u = 2u', v = 2v', w = 2w'. From above these must satisfy

t=u+v+wandtuvw=63=327. t' = u' + v' + w' \quad \text{and} \quad t' \cdot u' \cdot v' \cdot w' = 63 = 3^2 \cdot 7.
Therefore, tt' must be one of 1,3,7,9,21,631, 3, 7, 9, 21, 63. But tt' cannot be 11 or 33, because in this case one of u,v,wu', v', w' would be divisible by 77 which gives a sum larger than tt'. On the other hand, tt' cannot be equal to 6363 or 2121 as in this case the sum of the remaining three factors would be at most 55. So, we have to check only two cases: t=7t' = 7 and t=9t' = 9.
If t=7t' = 7 we have uvw=9u' \cdot v' \cdot w' = 9 and these three factors are either 1,1,91, 1, 9 or 1,3,31, 3, 3. Forming their sum we see that (t,u,v,w)=(7,1,3,3)(t', u', v', w') = (7, 1, 3, 3) or any permutation of the last three entries.
If t=9t' = 9 we have uvw=7u' \cdot v' \cdot w' = 7 and we obtain (t,u,v,w)=(9,1,1,7)(t', u', v', w') = (9, 1, 1, 7) or any permutation of the last three entries.
From above we obtain x=v+wx = v' + w', y=w+uy = w' + u' and z=u+vz = u' + v'. This leads to the following six solution triples (x,y,z)(x, y, z):
(8, 8, 2)
(8, 2, 8)
(2, 8, 8)
(6, 4, 4)
(4, 6, 4)
(4, 4, 6)

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