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Geometry Difficulty 5.6 AIME, harder Prove it Estonia

A quadrilateral ABCDABCD has incenter II. Diagonals ACAC and BDBD intersect at point PP. Given that II lies inside the triangle PABPAB (not on its side), prove that the area of the triangle PABPAB is greater than the area of any of triangles PBCPBC, PCDPCD and PDAPDA.

Solution

Denote the area of any triangle Δ\triangle \Delta by SΔS_{\triangle \Delta}. Let DD' be the reflection of DD from ACAC and α=APB\alpha = \angle APB (Fig. 24). We have

SPAB=12PAPBsinα,(4) S_{PAB} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PA \cdot PB \cdot \sin \alpha, \qquad (4)
SPBC=12PBPCsin(180α)=12PBPCsinα,(5) S_{PBC} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PB \cdot PC \cdot \sin(180^\circ - \alpha) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PB \cdot PC \cdot \sin \alpha, \quad (5)
SPCD=12PCPDsinα,(6) S_{PCD} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PC \cdot PD \cdot \sin \alpha, \qquad (6)
SPDA=12PDPAsin(180α)=12PDPAsinα.(7) S_{PDA} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PD \cdot PA \cdot \sin(180^\circ - \alpha) = \frac{1}{2} \cdot PD \cdot PA \cdot \sin \alpha. \quad (7)

Figure 1
Fig. 24

DAC<BAC\angle D'AC < \angle BAC. By interchanging the roles of AA and CC, we similarly obtain DCA<BCA\angle D'CA < \angle BCA. Hence DD' lies inside the triangle ABCABC, implying that SADC=SADC<SABCS_{ADC} = S_{AD'C} < S_{ABC}. Adding (6) and (7) gives SPCD+SPDA=12(PC+PA)PDsinαS_{PCD} + S_{PDA} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot (PC + PA) \cdot PD \cdot \sin \alpha, i.e., SACD=12ACPDsinαS_{ACD} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot AC \cdot PD \cdot \sin \alpha. Analogously from (4) and (5) we obtain SABC=12ACPBsinαS_{ABC} = \frac{1}{2} \cdot AC \cdot PB \cdot \sin \alpha. Hence the inequality SADC<SABCS_{ADC} < S_{ABC} implies PD<PBPD < PB.

Interchanging the roles of AA and BB and the roles of CC and DD similarly gives PC<PAPC < PA. Now (4) and (5) together imply SPAB>SPBCS_{PAB} > S_{PBC}, (4) and (7) together imply SPAB>SPDAS_{PAB} > S_{PDA}, (5) and (6) together imply SPBC>SPCDS_{PBC} > S_{PCD}, and (6) and (7) together imply SPDA>SPCDS_{PDA} > S_{PCD}. Hence the desired claim follows.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.