Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 5.2 AIME, harder Prove it Taiwan

Given 100 circles of radius 1 in a plane, such that the area of the triangle formed by any three centers is at most 100. Prove that there exists a line that intersects at least 10 of the circles.

Solution

- Let SS be the set formed by these nn centers. We first prove: there exists a line LL such that the projections of the points in SS onto LL fall within an interval of length 4n\sqrt{4n}.

證明:設 A,BA, BSS 中相距最遠的兩個點,令其距離為 dd

Proof: Let A,BA, B be the two points in SS that are farthest apart, and let their distance be dd.

* Take any point CC in SS different from A,BA, B; since ABCn|\triangle ABC| \le n, the distance from CC to line ABAB is at most 2n/d2n/d.

* Hence, if LL is perpendicular to line ABAB at DD, then the projection of any point in SS onto LL will fall within an interval centered at DD with length 4n/d4n/d.

* Also, since the maximum distance between two points in SS is dd, the projections of the points in SS onto LL must fall within an interval of length dd, so this interval has length at most min{d,4n/d}4n\min\{d, 4n/d\} \le \sqrt{4n}. Q.E.D.!

- Note that the projections of these nn circles onto LL are all intervals of length 2, and these intervals are all contained within an interval of length at most 4n+2\sqrt{4n} + 2. Let this interval be II. Let CiC_i be the projection of the ii-th circle onto LL.

- Now note that the total length of all the CiC_i is 2n2n, and they all fall within EE. This means there must exist at least one point xx in EE that belongs to at least 2n4n+2\frac{2n}{\sqrt{4n+2}} of the CiC_i simultaneously (otherwise, by the averaging principle, a contradiction would result.)

- Therefore, taking the line LL perpendicular to ABAB passing through the point xx suffices. Q.E.D.

Substituting n=100n = 100, we get at least 200400+2=20022>9\frac{200}{\sqrt{400+2}} = \frac{200}{22} > 9, so it intersects at least 10 circles.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from zh; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.