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Team Selection Test for JBMO

Algebra Difficulty 5.7 AIME, harder Prove it Turkey

Show that for all positive real numbers aa, bb, cc satisfying a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1 the following inequality is held:
a4+5b4a(a+2b)+b4+5c4b(b+2c)+c4+5a4c(c+2a)≥1−ab−bc−ca \frac{a^4 + 5b^4}{a(a + 2b)} + \frac{b^4 + 5c^4}{b(b + 2c)} + \frac{c^4 + 5a^4}{c(c + 2a)} \ge 1 - ab - bc - ca

Solution

Let f(a,b,c)=a4+5b4a(a+2b)+b4+5c4b(b+2c)+c4+5a4c(c+2a)f(a, b, c) = \frac{a^4 + 5b^4}{a(a + 2b)} + \frac{b^4 + 5c^4}{b(b + 2c)} + \frac{c^4 + 5a^4}{c(c + 2a)}. Since a+b+c=1a + b + c = 1 we will prove that f(a,b,c)≥a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+acf(a, b, c) \ge a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + ab + bc + ac.

By Cauchy-Schwarz inequality for positive x1,…,xnx_1, \dots, x_n
(x1+⋯+xn)(a12x1+⋯+an2xn)≥(a1+⋯+an)2(1) (x_1 + \dots + x_n) \left( \frac{a_1^2}{x_1} + \dots + \frac{a_n^2}{x_n} \right) \ge (a_1 + \dots + a_n)^2 \quad (1)
By applying (1) we get
a4a(a+2b)+b4b(b+2c)+c4c(c+2a)≥(a2+b2+c2)2(a+b+c)2=(a2+b2+c2)2(2) \frac{a^4}{a(a + 2b)} + \frac{b^4}{b(b + 2c)} + \frac{c^4}{c(c + 2a)} \ge \frac{(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2}{(a + b + c)^2} = (a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2 \quad (2)
b4a(a+2b)+c4b(b+2c)+a4c(c+2a)≥(a2+b2+c2)2(a+b+c)2=(a2+b2+c2)2(3) \frac{b^4}{a(a + 2b)} + \frac{c^4}{b(b + 2c)} + \frac{a^4}{c(c + 2a)} \ge \frac{(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2}{(a + b + c)^2} = (a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2 \quad (3)
Now (2) + 5 (3) gives f(a,b,c)≥6(a2+b2+c2)2f(a, b, c) \ge 6(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2. Thus, the proof of
6(a2+b2+c2)2≥a2+b2+c2+ab+bc+ac(4) 6(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2 \ge a^2 + b^2 + c^2 + ab + bc + ac \quad (4)
will complete the solution. Now the sum of a2+b22≥ab\frac{a^2 + b^2}{2} \ge ab, b2+c22≥bc\frac{b^2 + c^2}{2} \ge bc, c2+a22≥ca\frac{c^2 + a^2}{2} \ge ca gives a2+b2+c2≥ab+bc+caa^2 + b^2 + c^2 \ge ab + bc + ca. Therefore, (4) will follow from 6(a2+b2+c2)2≥2(a2+b2+c2)6(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2 \ge 2(a^2 + b^2 + c^2) or 3(a2+b2+c2)2≥13(a^2 + b^2 + c^2)^2 \ge 1. But since a+b+c=1a+b+c=1 the last inequality is a quadratic-arithmetic means inequality. Done.

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