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Irish Mathematical Olympiad, 2014

Algebra Difficulty 6.0 National Olympiad Prove it Ireland

Let a1,a2,a3,…,b1,b2,b3,…a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, b_1, b_2, b_3, \dots and c1,c2,c3,…c_1, c_2, c_3, \dots be three sequences containing the numbers +1+1 and −1-1 only. Prove that the following inequality holds:
3∑i=12014aibi+3∑i=12014bici≤∑i=12014ai2+∑i=12014bi2+∑i=12014ci2+3∑i=12014aici. 3 \sum_{i=1}^{2014} a_i b_i + 3 \sum_{i=1}^{2014} b_i c_i \le \sum_{i=1}^{2014} a_i^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{2014} b_i^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{2014} c_i^2 + 3 \sum_{i=1}^{2014} a_i c_i.

Solution

First observe that for u≤1u \le 1 and v≤1v \le 1 we always have (1−u)(1−v)≥0(1-u)(1-v) \ge 0, hence u+v≤1+uvu + v \le 1 + uv. We apply this now to u=aibiu = a_i b_i and v=biciv = b_i c_i. As bi=±1b_i = \pm 1, we have bi2=1b_i^2 = 1 and so uv=aiciuv = a_i c_i. This shows that
aibi+bici≤1+aiciand so∑i=1naibi+∑i=1nbici≤n+∑i=1naici a_i b_i + b_i c_i \le 1 + a_i c_i \quad \text{and so} \quad \sum_{i=1}^n a_i b_i + \sum_{i=1}^n b_i c_i \le n + \sum_{i=1}^n a_i c_i
for all n≥1n \ge 1. Multiplying this inequality by 33 and taking into account that ai2=bi2=ci2=1a_i^2 = b_i^2 = c_i^2 = 1, and so ∑i=1nai2=∑i=1nbi2=∑i=1nci2=n\sum_{i=1}^n a_i^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n b_i^2 = \sum_{i=1}^n c_i^2 = n, we obtain
3∑i=1naibi+3∑i=1nbici≤∑i=1nai2+∑i=1nbi2+∑i=1nci2+3∑i=1naici, 3 \sum_{i=1}^n a_i b_i + 3 \sum_{i=1}^n b_i c_i \le \sum_{i=1}^n a_i^2 + \sum_{i=1}^n b_i^2 + \sum_{i=1}^n c_i^2 + 3 \sum_{i=1}^n a_i c_i,
which gives the desired inequality for n=2014n = 2014.

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