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Geometry Difficulty 6.3 National Olympiad Prove it India

Problem:
Let Γ1\Gamma_{1} and Γ2\Gamma_{2} be two circles touching each other externally at RR. Let l1l_{1} be a line which is tangent to Γ2\Gamma_{2} at PP and passing through the center O1O_{1} of Γ1\Gamma_{1}. Similarly, let l2l_{2} be a line which is tangent to Γ2\Gamma_{2} at QQ and passing through the center O2O_{2} of Γ2\Gamma_{2}. Suppose l1l_{1} and l2l_{2} are not parallel and intersect at KK. If KP=KQK P = K Q, prove that the triangle PQRP Q R is equilateral.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Solution:
Suppose that PP and QQ lie on the opposite sides of line joining O1O_{1} and O2O_{2}. By symmetry we may assume that the configuration is as shown in the figure below. Then we have KP>KO1>KQK P > K O_{1} > K Q since KO1K O_{1} is the hypotenuse of triangle KQO1K Q O_{1}. This is a contradiction to the given assumption, and therefore PP and QQ lie on the same side of the line joining O1O_{1} and O2O_{2}.
Figure 1
Since KP=KQK P = K Q it follows that KK lies on the radical axis of the given circles, which is the common tangent at RR. Therefore KP=KQ=KRK P = K Q = K R and hence KK is the circumcenter of PQR\triangle P Q R.
Figure 2
On the other hand, KQO1\triangle K Q O_{1} and KRO1\triangle K R O_{1} are both right-angled triangles with KQ=KRK Q = K R and QO1=RO1Q O_{1} = R O_{1}, and hence the two triangles are congruent. Therefore QKO1^=RKO1^\widehat{Q K O_{1}} = \widehat{R K O_{1}}, so KO1K O_{1}, and hence PKP K is perpendicular to QRQ R. Similarly, QKQ K is perpendicular to PRP R, so it follows that KK is the orthocenter of PQR\triangle P Q R. Hence we have that PQR\triangle P Q R is equilateral.

Solution 2

Solution:
We again rule out the possibility that PP and QQ are on the opposite side of the line joining O1O2O_{1} O_{2}, and assume that they are on the same side.
Observe that KPO2\triangle K P O_{2} is congruent to KQO1\triangle K Q O_{1} (since KP=KQK P = K Q). Therefore O1P=O2Q=rO_{1} P = O_{2} Q = r (say). In O1O2Q\triangle O_{1} O_{2} Q, we have O1QO2^=π/2\widehat{O_{1} Q O_{2}} = \pi / 2 and RR is the midpoint of the hypotenuse, so RQ=RO1=rR Q = R O_{1} = r. Therefore O1RQ\triangle O_{1} R Q is equilateral, so QRO1^=π/3\widehat{Q R O_{1}} = \pi / 3. Similarly, PR=rP R = r and PRO2^=π/3\widehat{P R O_{2}} = \pi / 3, hence PRQ^=π/3\widehat{P R Q} = \pi / 3. Since PR=QRP R = Q R it follows that PQR\triangle P Q R is equilateral.

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