Problem: Let Γ1 and Γ2 be two circles touching each other externally at R. Let l1 be a line which is tangent to Γ2 at P and passing through the center O1 of Γ1. Similarly, let l2 be a line which is tangent to Γ2 at Q and passing through the center O2 of Γ2. Suppose l1 and l2 are not parallel and intersect at K. If KP=KQ, prove that the triangle PQR is equilateral.
Solutions — 2
Solution 1
Solution: Suppose that P and Q lie on the opposite sides of line joining O1 and O2. By symmetry we may assume that the configuration is as shown in the figure below. Then we have KP>KO1>KQ since KO1 is the hypotenuse of triangle KQO1. This is a contradiction to the given assumption, and therefore P and Q lie on the same side of the line joining O1 and O2. Since KP=KQ it follows that K lies on the radical axis of the given circles, which is the common tangent at R. Therefore KP=KQ=KR and hence K is the circumcenter of △PQR. On the other hand, △KQO1 and △KRO1 are both right-angled triangles with KQ=KR and QO1=RO1, and hence the two triangles are congruent. Therefore QKO1=RKO1, so KO1, and hence PK is perpendicular to QR. Similarly, QK is perpendicular to PR, so it follows that K is the orthocenter of △PQR. Hence we have that △PQR is equilateral.
Solution 2
Solution: We again rule out the possibility that P and Q are on the opposite side of the line joining O1O2, and assume that they are on the same side. Observe that △KPO2 is congruent to △KQO1 (since KP=KQ). Therefore O1P=O2Q=r (say). In △O1O2Q, we have O1QO2=π/2 and R is the midpoint of the hypotenuse, so RQ=RO1=r. Therefore △O1RQ is equilateral, so QRO1=π/3. Similarly, PR=r and PRO2=π/3, hence PRQ=π/3. Since PR=QR it follows that △PQR is equilateral.
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