Maths Olympiad Prep

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Geometry Difficulty 8.3 Shortlist Prove it Slovenia

Let BEBE and CFCF be heights of an acute triangle ABCABC. Two circles through points AA and FF touch the line BCBC in points PP and QQ, respectively, where BB lies between the points CC and QQ. Prove that the lines PEPE and QFQF intersect on the circumscribed circle of the triangle AEFAEF.

Solution

Let all the angles in the solution be directed. Given an acute triangle ABCABC, denote GG the foot (lying on the side BCBC) of the altitude from AA. The powers of the point BB with respect to the circles through points AA and FF give us BP2=BABF=BQ2|BP|^2 = |BA| \cdot |BF| = |BQ|^2, hence BP=BQ|BP| = |BQ|.

According to the Tales' theorem, the points AA, EE, GG and BB are concyclic, the same holds for the points AA, FF, GG and CC. From the theorem about the power of a point we derive
CACE=CGCB=BC2BCBG==BC2BABF=BC2BP2==(BC+BP)(BCBP)=(BC+BQ)(BCBP). \begin{aligned} |CA| \cdot |CE| &= |CG| \cdot |CB| = |BC|^2 - |BC| \cdot |BG| = \\ &= |BC|^2 - |BA| \cdot |BF| = |BC|^2 - |BP|^2 = \\ &= (|BC| + |BP|)(|BC| - |BP|) = (|BC| + |BQ|)(|BC| - |BP|). \end{aligned}
The expression in the first brackets is positive, hence the expression in the second brackets is positive as well. We get BC>BP|BC| > |BP|, which means that PP lies between BB and CC, hence CACE=CQCP|CA| \cdot |CE| = |CQ| \cdot |CP|. The points AA, EE, PP and QQ are thus concyclic and CPE=QAE\angle CPE = \angle QAE.

According to the theorem about the angle formed by a chord and a tangent, we have BQF=QAF\angle BQF = \angle QAF, hence FAE=QAEQAF=CPEPQF\angle FAE = \angle QAE - \angle QAF = \angle CPE - \angle PQF. Since the angle FAE\angle FAE is positively directed, we have CPE>CQF\angle CPE > \angle CQF, which means that the lines QFQF and PEPE intersect. Denote XX their point of intersection. Then
EXF=PXQ=QPXXQP=CPEFQP==PQFCPE=FAE=EAF, \begin{aligned} \angle EXF &= \angle PXQ = -\angle QPX - \angle XQP = -\angle CPE - \angle FQP = \\ &= \angle PQF - \angle CPE = -\angle FAE = \angle EAF, \end{aligned}
from which we conclude that the points AA, EE, FF and XX are concyclic. The lines QFQF and PEPE thus intersect on the circumscribed circle of the triangle AEFAEF.

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