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Combinatorics Difficulty 8.8 Shortlist Prove it Estonia

In Wonderland there are at least 5 towns. Some towns are connected directly by roads or railways. Every town is connected to at least one other town and for any four towns there exists some direct connection between at least three pairs of towns among those four. When entering the public transportation network of this land, the traveller must insert one gold coin into a machine, which lets him use a direct connection to go to the next town. But if the traveller continues travelling from some town with the same method of transportation that took him there, and he has paid a gold coin to get to this town, then going to the next town does not cost anything, but instead the traveller gains the coin he last used back. In other cases he must pay just like when starting travelling. Prove that it is possible to get from any town to any other town by using at most 2 gold coins.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Let AA and BB be any two towns. We know that it must be possible to move from AA to some other town XX and from BB to some other town YY. From four towns A,B,X,YA, B, X, Y we can form three pairs which all have a direct connection between them. Of those at least one way goes from either AA or XX to either BB or YY. Therefore it is possible to travel from AA to BB.
Look at some possible way of getting from AA to BB; let CC be the first town after town AA on this way and DD be the last town before town BB (see fig. 36). Assume that A,C,D,BA, C, D, B are all distinct, because otherwise the problem statement follows trivially. Because of the same reason assume that there does not exist a direct connection between AA and B,AB, A and DD or CC and BB. As according to the problem statement we can get three pairs from those four that all have direct connection between them, a direct connection must be between CC and DD.

Figure 1
Figure 36

Figure 2
Figure 37

Figure 3
Figure 38

Figure 4
Figure 39

Let EE be some town that is not A,B,CA, B, C or DD. If there is a direct connection between EE and AA and also between EE and BB, then the problem statement holds. Therefore let us assume in the following that there is no direct connection between either EE and AA or EE and BB. From A,C,EA, C, E and BB we can form three pairs that have a direct connection between them. As there is a maximum of one direct connection between E,AE, A and BB and there is no direct connection between BB and CC, then there must be one between EE and CC. By switching the roles of AA and BB and also CC and DD we get analogously that there is a direct connection between EE and DD (see fig. 37).
If the connections between AA and CC, and DD and BB, are of different kind, then on the path ACDBA \to C \to D \to B there must be at least two consecutive steps with same mode of transportation. For this path the problem statement holds. But if connections between AA and CC, and DD and BB, are of the same kind, then there must exist two consecutive steps with the same mode of transportation on the path ACEDBA \to C \to E \to D \to B. For this the problem statement also holds.

Solution 2

Let AA and BB be any two towns. Suppose that there is no direct connection between them, because otherwise the problem statement holds trivially.
Let XX be any town distinct from AA and BB. If there is no direct connection between AA and XX and no direct connection between BB and XX, then from a fourth town YY there must be a direct connection to AA, BB and XX (see fig. 38). In that case one can go from AA to BB via YY and the problem statement holds. Because of that suppose in the following that from any town XX distinct from AA and BB there is a direct connection to either AA or BB.

Let XX and YY be any two distinct towns that are not AA or BB. Suppose that there is no direct connection between XX and YY. As there is also no direct connection between AA and BB, but from AA, BB, XX and YY we can form three pairs that have a direct connection between them, it is possible to go from AA to BB via XX or YY, in which case the problem statement holds. Now the only case to look at is the one where between any two towns that are not AA and BB there is a direct connection.
As there are at least 5 towns in the country, there are at least 3 towns other than AA and BB. Therefore either AA or BB must have a direct connection to at least two other towns. Without loss of generality assume that AA has a direct connection to CC and DD. But BB also has a direct connection to some town EE; if EE coincides with any of the previously mentioned ones then the problem statement holds, which leaves us to look at the case where EE is a new town. Previously mentioned facts give us that CC, DD and EE all have direct connections between them.

If now either AA and CC or AA and DD have a direct connection between them of different kind than what is between BB and EE, then either path ACEBA \to C \to E \to B or ADEBA \to D \to E \to B has two consecutive steps with same mode of transportation. For this path the problem statement holds. But if the connection between AA and CC or AA and DD is of the same kind as the connection between BB and EE, then either on the path ACDEBA \to C \to D \to E \to B or ADCEBA \to D \to C \to E \to B there are two consecutive steps with same mode of transportation. For this also the problem statement holds.

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