Maths Olympiad Prep

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Number theory Difficulty 5.1 AIME, harder Prove it United States

Problem:

How many integers between 22 and 100100 inclusive cannot be written as mnm \cdot n, where mm and nn have no common factors and neither mm nor nn is equal to 11? Note that there are 2525 primes less than 100100.

Solution

Solution:

A number cannot be written in the given form if and only if it is a power of a prime. We can see this by considering the prime factorization. Suppose that k=p1e1p2e2pnenk = p_{1}^{e_{1}} p_{2}^{e_{2}} \cdots p_{n}^{e_{n}}, with p1,,pnp_{1}, \ldots, p_{n} primes. Then we can write m=p1e1m = p_{1}^{e_{1}} and n=p2e2pnenn = p_{2}^{e_{2}} \cdots p_{n}^{e_{n}}. So, we want to find the powers of primes that are less than or equal to 100100.

There are 2525 primes, as given in the problem statement. The squares of primes are 22,32,52,722^{2}, 3^{2}, 5^{2}, 7^{2}. The cubes of primes are 23,332^{3}, 3^{3}. The fourth powers of primes are 24,342^{4}, 3^{4}. The fifth powers of primes are 252^{5}. The sixth powers of primes are 262^{6}. There are no seventh or higher powers of primes between 22 and 100100. This adds 1010 non-primes to the list, so that in total there are 10+25=3510 + 25 = 35 such integers.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.