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Geometry Difficulty 4.6 AIME Find the answer United States

Three spheres with radii 1111, 1313, and 1919 are mutually externally tangent. A plane intersects the spheres in three congruent circles centered at AA, BB, and CC, respectively, and the centers of the spheres all lie on the same side of this plane. Suppose that AB2=560AB^2 = 560. Find AC2AC^2.

A number or a short expression. Fractions can be typed as 3/2, and spacing doesn't matter.

Solution

Let the spheres with radii 1111, 1313, and 1919 have centers PP, QQ, and RR, respectively, and let the three circles have common radius rr. Segments AP\overline{AP}, BQ\overline{BQ}, and CR\overline{CR} are perpendicular to the plane of ABC\triangle ABC, so AB\overline{AB} is the projection of PQ\overline{PQ} onto that plane. Similarly, AC\overline{AC} is the projection of PR\overline{PR} onto that plane.

Figure 1

If DD is any point on the circle centered at AA, then PAD\triangle PAD is a right triangle with AD=rAD = r and PD=11PD = 11, so AP2=121r2AP^2 = 121 - r^2. Similarly, BQ2=169r2BQ^2 = 169 - r^2 and CR2=361r2CR^2 = 361 - r^2. The Pythagorean Theorem gives PQ2=AB2+(BQAP)2PQ^2 = AB^2 + (BQ - AP)^2, so from PQ=11+13=24PQ = 11 + 13 = 24, it follows that
(BQAP)2=PQ2AB2=242560=16. (BQ - AP)^2 = PQ^2 - AB^2 = 24^2 - 560 = 16.

Thus BQAP=4BQ - AP = 4 and BQ2AP2=(169r2)(121r2)=48BQ^2 - AP^2 = (169 - r^2) - (121 - r^2) = 48. Hence BQ+AP=484=12BQ + AP = \frac{48}{4} = 12, BQ=8BQ = 8, AP=4AP = 4, and r2=105r^2 = 105.

Because CR=192r2=16CR = \sqrt{19^2 - r^2} = 16, it follows that
AC2=PR2(CRAP)2=(11+19)2(164)2=900144=756. AC^2 = PR^2 - (CR - AP)^2 = (11 + 19)^2 - (16 - 4)^2 = 900 - 144 = 756.

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