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Geometry Difficulty 6.8 National Olympiad Prove it Asia Pacific Mathematics Olympiad (APMO)

Let ABCA B C be a triangle. Let MM and NN be the points in which the median and angle bisector, respectively, at AA meet the side BCB C. Let QQ and PP be the points in which the perpendicular at NN to NAN A meets MAM A and BAB A, respectively, and OO be the point in which the perpendicular at PP to BAB A meets ANA N produced. Prove that QOQ O is perpendicular to BCB C.

Solutions — 2

Solution 1

Let ANA N meet the circumcircle of ABCA B C at point KK, the midpoint of arc BCB C that does not contain AA.

Figure 1

The orthogonal projection of KK onto side BCB C is MM. Let RR and SS be the orthogonal projections of KK onto lines ABA B and ACA C, respectively. Points R,MR, M, and SS lie in the Simson line of KK with respect to ABCA B C. Since KK is in the bisector of BAC\angle B A C, ARKSA R K S is a kite, and the Simson line RMSR M S is perpendicular to ANA N, and therefore parallel to PQP Q.

Now consider the homothety with center AA that takes OO to KK. Since OPABO P \perp A B and KRABK R \perp A B, OPO P and KRK R are parallel, which means that PP is taken to RR. Finally, line PQP Q is parallel to line RSR S, so line PQP Q is taken to line RSR S by the homothety. Then QQ is taken to MM, and since OO is taken to KK, line OQO Q is taken to line MKM K. We are done now: this means that OQO Q is parallel to MKM K, which is perpendicular to BCB C (it is its perpendicular bisector, as MB=MCM B=M C and KB=KCK B=K C.)

Solution 2

Consider a cartesian plane with A=(0,0)A=(0,0) as the origin and the bisector ANA N as xx-axis. Thus ABA B has equation y=mxy=m x and ACA C has equation y=mxy=-m x. Let B=(b,mb)B=(b, m b) and C=(c,mc)C=(c,-m c). By symmetry, the problem is immediate if AB=ACA B=A C, that is, if b=cb=c. Suppose that bcb \neq c from now on. Line BCB C has slope mb(mc)bc=m(b+c)bc\frac{m b-(-m c)}{b-c}=\frac{m(b+c)}{b-c}. Let N=(n,0)N=(n, 0).

Point MM is the midpoint (b+c2,mbmc2)\left(\frac{b+c}{2}, \frac{m b-m c}{2}\right) of BCB C, so AMA M has slope m(bc)b+c\frac{m(b-c)}{b+c}.

The line through NN that is perpendicular to the xx-axis ANA N is x=nx=n. Therefore
P=(n,mn) and Q=(n,m(bc)nb+c). P=(n, m n) \quad \text{ and } \quad Q=\left(n, \frac{m(b-c) n}{b+c}\right) .
In the right triangle APOA P O, with altitude ANA N, ANAO=AP2A N \cdot A O=A P^{2}. Thus
nAO=(0n)2+(0mn)2AO=n(m2+1)O=(n(m2+1),0). n \cdot A O=(0-n)^{2}+(0-m n)^{2} \Longleftrightarrow A O=n\left(m^{2}+1\right) \Longrightarrow O=\left(n\left(m^{2}+1\right), 0\right) .
Finally, the slope of OQO Q is
m(bc)nb+c0nn(m2+1)=bc(b+c)m. \frac{\frac{m(b-c) n}{b+c}-0}{n-n\left(m^{2}+1\right)}=-\frac{b-c}{(b+c) m} .
Since the product of the slopes of OQO Q and BCB C is
bc(b+c)mm(b+c)bc=1, -\frac{b-c}{(b+c) m} \cdot \frac{m(b+c)}{b-c}=-1,
OQO Q and BCB C are perpendicular, and we are done.

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.