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Irish Mathematical Olympiad

Geometry Difficulty 6.4 National Olympiad Prove it Ireland

Let ABCABC be a planar triangle. Let λ≥0\lambda \ge 0. Define the point D(λ)D(\lambda) on the side BCBC so that D(λ)D(\lambda) divides BCBC in the ratio cλ:bλc^\lambda : b^\lambda. Prove that
∣AD(λ)∣≤∣AD(2−λ)∣iffλ≥1. |AD(\lambda)| \le |AD(2 - \lambda)| \quad \text{iff} \quad \lambda \ge 1.

Solution

Let D=D(λ)D = D(\lambda) for a fixed λ\lambda and denote θ=∠ADB=180∘−∠CDA\theta = \angle ADB = 180^\circ - \angle CDA. The Cosine Rule for the triangles △DAB\triangle DAB and △CAD\triangle CAD gives
c2=∣BD∣2+∣AD∣2−2∣BD∣⋅∣AD∣cos⁡θb2=∣DC∣2+∣AD∣2+2∣DC∣⋅∣AD∣cos⁡θ. \begin{aligned} c^2 &= |BD|^2 + |AD|^2 - 2|BD| \cdot |AD| \cos \theta \\ b^2 &= |DC|^2 + |AD|^2 + 2|DC| \cdot |AD| \cos \theta. \end{aligned}
Figure 1
Eliminating cos⁡θ\cos \theta gives
∣BD∣2+∣AD∣2−c22∣BD∣⋅∣AD∣=b2−∣DC∣2−∣AD∣22∣DC∣⋅∣AD∣ \frac{|BD|^2 + |AD|^2 - c^2}{2|BD| \cdot |AD|} = \frac{b^2 - |DC|^2 - |AD|^2}{2|DC| \cdot |AD|}
from which we obtain
∣AD∣2=b2∣BD∣+c2∣DC∣∣BD∣+∣DC∣−∣BD∣⋅∣DC∣. |AD|^2 = \frac{b^2|BD| + c^2|DC|}{|BD| + |DC|} - |BD| \cdot |DC|.
From ∣BD∣/∣DC∣=cλ/bλ|BD|/|DC| = c^\lambda / b^\lambda and ∣BD∣+∣DC∣=a|BD| + |DC| = a we deduce
∣BD∣=cλabλ+cλand∣DC∣=bλabλ+cλ. |BD| = c^{\lambda} \frac{a}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}} \quad \text{and} \quad |DC| = b^{\lambda} \frac{a}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}}.
Substitution into the previous formula establishes that
∣AD(λ)∣2=bλcλ(bλ+cλ)2((b2−λ+c2−λ)(bλ+cλ)−a2). |AD(\lambda)|^2 = \frac{b^{\lambda}c^{\lambda}}{(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda})^2} ((b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}) - a^2).
Hence
∣AD(λ)∣2∣AD(2−λ)∣2=bλcλ(bλ+cλ)2(b2−λ+c2−λ)2b2−λc2−λ, \frac{|AD(\lambda)|^2}{|AD(2-\lambda)|^2} = \frac{b^{\lambda}c^{\lambda}}{(b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda})^2} \frac{(b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})^2}{b^{2-\lambda}c^{2-\lambda}},
so that
∣AD(λ)∣∣AD(2−λ)∣=bλ−1cλ−1(b2−λ+c2−λ)bλ+cλ=tλ−1(t2−λ+1)tλ+1, \frac{|AD(\lambda)|}{|AD(2-\lambda)|} = \frac{b^{\lambda-1}c^{\lambda-1}(b^{2-\lambda} + c^{2-\lambda})}{b^{\lambda} + c^{\lambda}} = \frac{t^{\lambda-1}(t^{2-\lambda} + 1)}{t^{\lambda} + 1},
where t=b/ct = b/c. Hence ∣AD(λ)∣≤∣AD(2−λ)∣|AD(\lambda)| \le |AD(2 - \lambda)| iff
t+tλ−1≤tλ+1 t + t^{\lambda-1} \le t^{\lambda} + 1
equivalently iff
0≤1−t+tλ−1(t−1)=(1−t)(1−tλ−1) 0 \le 1 - t + t^{\lambda-1}(t-1) = (1-t)(1-t^{\lambda-1})
which holds for t>0t > 0 iff λ≥1\lambda \ge 1.

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