Maths Olympiad Prep

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Combinatorics Difficulty 5.5 AIME, harder Prove it Brazil

The squares of an m×nm \times n board are labeled from 11 to mnmn so that the squares labeled ii and i+1i+1 always have a side in common. Show that for some kk the squares kk and k+3k+3 have a side in common.

Solution

Consider the center of the mnmn unit squares and connect two centers if the numbers assigned to the correspondent squares are consecutive. Then we obtain a path with mn1mn-1 unit segments. The mnmn centers determine a lattice with (m1)(n1)(m-1)(n-1) unit squares. Squares with numbers kk and k+3k+3 correspond to a lattice square with three unit segments:

Figure 1

So we need to prove that there is a lattice square with at least 33 segments. Suppose the contrary, so the number of segments is at most 2(m1)(n1)2(m-1)(n-1), in which border segments are counted once and the interior segments are counted twice. The path uses at most 2(m1)+2(n1)1=2m+2n52(m-1)+2(n-1)-1 = 2m+2n-5 segments on the border. So there are at least mn1(2m+2n5)=mn2m2n+4mn-1-(2m+2n-5) = mn-2m-2n+4 interior segments. Hence the path uses 2m+2n5+2(mn2m2n+4)=2mn2m2n+3>2(m1)(n1)2m+2n-5+2(mn-2m-2n+4) = 2mn-2m-2n+3 > 2(m-1)(n-1) lattice segments (counting repetitions), a contradiction.

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