Maths Olympiad Prep

Library / /4 of 94

Number theory Difficulty 5.3 AIME, harder Prove it Japan

Let XX be the product of all those positive integers less than or equal to 20112011 having either 33 or 77 for the one's digit. Determine the value of the ten's digit for XX.

Solution

For integers aa, bb, mm, write ab(modm)a \equiv b \pmod{m} if aba - b is divisible by mm. For any integer nn we have
(10n+3)(10n+7)=100n2+100n+2121(mod100). (10n + 3)(10n + 7) = 100n^2 + 100n + 21 \equiv 21 \pmod{100}.
We also have
215=(20+1)5=k=05(5k)20k(51)201+(50)2001(mod100). 21^5 = (20 + 1)^5 = \sum_{k=0}^{5} \binom{5}{k} \cdot 20^k \equiv \binom{5}{1} \cdot 20^1 + \binom{5}{0} \cdot 20^0 \equiv 1 \pmod{100}.
Then, we see that
X=(3×7)(13×17)(2003×2007)21201(215)40×21140×2121(mod100), \begin{aligned} X &= (3 \times 7) \cdot (13 \times 17) \cdots (2003 \times 2007) \equiv 21^{201} \\ &\equiv (21^5)^{40} \times 21 \equiv 1^{40} \times 21 \equiv 21 \pmod{100}, \end{aligned}
which implies that 22 is the desired answer.

Want a route through all this instead of an archive? The track puts 2,000 problems in a working order, from AMC 10 level to the IMO shortlist.

Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement reproduced verbatim; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.