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Geometry Difficulty 6.4 National Olympiad Prove it Italy

Problem:

On a sheet of paper two regular hexagons are drawn. The smaller one has area 1818, and a minor diagonal of the larger hexagon coincides with a major diagonal of the smaller hexagon. What is the area of the union of the two hexagons?

Solution

Solution:

The answer is 2929. The figure drawn on the sheet can be represented as follows:

Figure 1

The point OO in the figure is given by the center of the larger hexagon ABCDEFA B C D E F. Since the hexagon ABCDEFA B C D E F is regular, the triangle OCDO C D is equilateral. Moreover, since DAD A is the diameter of the circle circumscribed to ABCDEFA B C D E F, the triangle ACDA C D is right-angled, with the right angle at CC and ADC=60A D C=60^{\circ}. In particular, denoting by \ell the length of the side DCD C of the hexagon, we have AD=2A D=2 \ell. By the Pythagorean theorem, we have AC=3A C=\sqrt{3} \ell; it follows that the ratio between the major diagonal of the smaller hexagon AKGCJIA K G C J I and the major diagonal of the hexagon ABCDEFA B C D E F is 32\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2} and, therefore, the ratio of the respective areas is 34\frac{3}{4}, from which
Area(ABCDEF)=43Area(AKGCJI)=43×18=24 \operatorname{Area}(A B C D E F)=\frac{4}{3} \operatorname{Area}(A K G C J I)=\frac{4}{3} \times 18=24
The trapezoid AIJCA I J C is half of the hexagon AKGCJIA K G C J I, from which
Area(AIJC)=12Area(AKGCJI)=12×18=9. \operatorname{Area}(A I J C)=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Area}(A K G C J I)=\frac{1}{2} \times 18=9.
The quadrilateral OCBAO C B A is one third of the hexagon ABCDEFA B C D E F (indeed it is the union of the two equilateral triangles OABO A B and OBCO B C, both corresponding to 16\frac{1}{6} of the hexagon); we obtain
Area(OCBA)=13Area(ABCDEF)=13×24=8 \operatorname{Area}(O C B A)=\frac{1}{3} \operatorname{Area}(A B C D E F)=\frac{1}{3} \times 24=8
Note that the triangles OACO A C and BACB A C are congruent: indeed CBA=120=COA\angle C B A=120^{\circ}=\angle C O A, they have CAC A as a common side and are both isosceles; from which
Area(ABC)=12Area(OCBA)=12×8=4. \operatorname{Area}(A B C)=\frac{1}{2} \operatorname{Area}(O C B A)=\frac{1}{2} \times 8=4.
It follows directly that the area of the pentagon ACDEFA C D E F is given by
Area(ACDEF)=Area(ABCDEF)Area(ABC)=244=20. \operatorname{Area}(A C D E F)=\operatorname{Area}(A B C D E F)-\operatorname{Area}(A B C)=24-4=20.
Finally, the area of the union of the two hexagons is given by the sum of the areas of the pentagon ACDEFA C D E F and of the trapezoid AIJCA I J C, that is
Area(AIJCDEF)=Area(AIJC)+Area(ACDEF)=9+20=29. \operatorname{Area}(A I J C D E F)=\operatorname{Area}(A I J C)+\operatorname{Area}(A C D E F)=9+20=29.

Figure 1

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Source: MathNet, licensed CC-BY-4.0. Statement translated into English from it; metadata (topic, difficulty) added by this project.