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China Girls' Mathematical Olympiad

Combinatorics Difficulty 4.9 AIME Prove it China

In a group of mm girls and nn boys, any two of them either know each other, or do not know each other. For any two boys and two girls, at least one boy and one girl do not know each other. Prove that the number of boy-girl pairs that know each other is at most m+n(n−1)2m + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}.

Solution

From the hypothesis, for any two boys, there is at most one girl that knows both of them. Let xix_i be the number of girls that know exactly ii boys, 1≤i≤n1 \le i \le n. So ∑i=1nxi=m\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i = m. By counting the number of the above two boys-one girl combinations, we have
∑i≥2i(i−1)2xi≤n(n−1)2. \sum_{i \ge 2} \frac{i(i-1)}{2} x_i \le \frac{n(n-1)}{2}.
The number of boy-girl pairs that know each other is then

∑i=1nixi=m+∑i=2n(i−1)xi≤m+∑i=2ni(i−1)2xi≤m+n(n−1)2.\begin{aligned} \sum_{i=1}^{n} ix_i &= m + \sum_{i=2}^{n} (i-1)x_i \le m + \sum_{i=2}^{n} \frac{i(i-1)}{2}x_i \\ &\le m + \frac{n(n-1)}{2}. \end{aligned} □\quad \square

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