Let n be a positive integer. Given 2n positive real numbers a1,a2,a3,…,an and b1,b2,b3,…,bn satisfying the following condition: a1>a2>a3>⋯>an and b1>b2>b3>⋯>bn. A partition of these 2n numbers into n disjoint pairs (ai,bj),1≤i≤n,1≤j≤n is called regular if the difference between two numbers of each pair is less than 2013.
a. Suppose that there exists a regular partition for these numbers. Show that the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),…,(an,bn) is also regular.
b. Suppose that there exists a regular partition in which i=j for each pair (ai,bj). Compute the least number of regular partitions in this case.
Solution
a. We call a pair (a,b) regular if the difference between a and b is less than 2013. Suppose that in the given regular partition, a1 is paired with bi, 1≤i≤n and b1 is paired with aj, 1≤j≤n. We have −2013<a1−bi<2013 and −2013<aj−b1<2013. Therefore, a1−b1≥aj−b1>−2013 and a1−b1≤a1−bj<2013, or −2013<a1−b1<2013. Similarly, we also have −2013<aj−bi<2013. Hence, if we change pairs (a1,bi),(aj,b1) into pairs (a1,b1),(aj,bi) then we still have a regular partition. Remove the pair (a1,b1), we have 2(n−1) numbers that can be divided into n−1 regular pairs. Repeating this argument, we see that (a2,b2) is also a regular pair and generally, all (ai,bi), i=1,2,3,...,n are regular. This implies that the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),...,(an,bn) is regular. The first part of the problem is solved.
b. We will prove by induction that the least number of regular partitions for such 2n numbers is 2⌊(n+1)/2⌋ for all positive integer n. (∗) - For n=2, we have four numbers a1>a2 and b1>b2. From the given assumption, (a1,b2),(a2,b1) is a regular partition. From part a, the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2) is also regular. The statement (∗) holds for n=2.
- For n=3, we have six numbers a1>a2>a3 and b1>b2>b3. Suppose that (a1,b2) is a regular pair in the given regular partition (similarly in the case (a1,b3) is regular). Then (a2,b3),(a3,b1) are the remaining regular pairs in the given partition. We have −2013<a1−b2<2013, a2−b1<a1−b1<2013 and a2−b1>a3−b1>−2013 so the pair (a2,b1) is regular. We also have −2013<a2−b3<2013, a3−b2<a2−b2<2013 and a3−b2>a3−b1>−2013, so the pair (a3,b2) is also regular. Therefore, we have at least 4 regular partitions when n=3: ⎩⎨⎧(a1,b1),(a2,b2),(a3,b3)(a1,b1),(a2,b3),(a3,b2)(a1,b2),(a2,b3),(a3,b1)(a1,b2),(a2,b1),(a3,b3)
- Suppose that the statement (∗) holds up to n−1≥3, consider 2n positive reals a1>a2>a3>⋯>an and b1>b2>b3>⋯>bn. By the assumption, there exists a regular partition such that i=j for each pair (ai,bj) in this partition. Suppose that (a1,b1) and (aj,bn) (1<i,j≤n) are two regular pairs in this partition. From part a), the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),…,(an,bn) is also regular. We have two cases: - If a1≥b2 then a1−b2≥ai−b2>−2013 and a1−b2≤a1−bj<2013. Hence, (a1,b2) is a regular pair. - If a1<b2 then a1−b2≤a1−bi<2013 and a1−b2>a1−b1>−2013. Hence, (a1,b2) is a regular pair. Therefore, in any case, (a1,b2) is regular. Similarly, (a2,b1) is also regular. For the pair (a3,b4), we also have two cases: Case 1. Suppose that (a3,b4) is non-regular. In this case, (a3,b3) is regular so b3>b4>a3 is impossible. Hence a3>b4 and a3−b4>2013.
It means a3−bi>2013,i≥4, or (a3,bi),i≥4 are all non-regular. This implies that a3 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3 to make a regular pair. We also have a1−b4>a2−b4>a3−b4>2013 so all (a1,bi),(a2,bi),i≥4 are non-regular. Therefore, a1,a2,a3 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3. By the induction assumption, the least number of regular partitions for the first three pairs is 22, and the least number of regular partitions for the remaining n−3 pairs is 2[(n−3)/2]. Hence, the least number of regular partitions in total is 22+[(n−3)/2]=2[(n+1)/2].
Case 2. Suppose that (a3,b4) is regular. Then we have (a4,b3) is also regular. We move to the pair a5,b6; if (a5,b6) is non-regular then we can do similar as the above, a1,a2,a3,a4,a5 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3,b4,b5. Repeating the above arguments, we have only one case left: all considered pairs are regular. We then have two subcases:
Subcase 2.1. Suppose that n is even. We have n/2 pairs of indexes and (a2i−1,b2i),(a2i,b2i−1) (1≤i≤n/2) are all regular. This implies that we have 2n/2=2[(n+1)/2] regular partitions in this case.
Subcase 2.2. Suppose that n is odd. We have the following regular partitions: (a2k+1,b2k),(a2k,b2k+1),(a2k−1,b2k−2),(a2k−2,b2k−1),…,(a5,b4),(a4,b5). For the first six numbers a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3, we have two possibilities: - If there exists a regular pair (a1,b3) or (a3,b1) then there are at least 4 regular partitions in these numbers (as in the case n=3.) - If (a1,b3) and (a3,b1) are non-regular then we can divide these 2n numbers into two disjoint parts: a pair (a1,a2) and the remaining 2(n−1) numbers. By the induction assumption, the least number of regular partitions in this case is 21⋅2(n−1)/2=2(n+1)/2.
- Suppose that n is even. We have two sequences: a2i=b2i=(n/2−i)k+n/2−i+1,a2i−1=b2i−1=(n/2−i)k+n/2−i+2,i≥1.
Index
n
n-1
n-2
n-3
n-4
n-5
n-6
n-7
...
ai
1
2
k+2
k+3
2k+3
2k+4
3k+4
3k+5
bi
1
2
k+2
k+3
2k+3
2k+4
3k+4
3k+5
- Suppose that n is odd. We have two sequences: an=bn=1,an−1=bn−1=k−1,an−2=k,bn−2=k+1, and a2k=b2k=((n−2k+1)i/2+((n−2k−1)i/2),a2k−1=b2k−1=((n−2k+1)i/2+((n−2k+1)i/2) when 2k+1<n.
Index
n
n-1
n-2
n-3
n-4
n-5
n-6
...
...
ai
1
k−1
k
2k+1
2k+2
3k+2
3k+3
bi
1
k−1
k+1
2k+1
2k+2
3k+2
3k+3
It is easy to check that the above sequences satisfy the given condition. Therefore, the least number of regular partitions is 2⌊2n+1⌋, n≥2.
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