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Combinatorics Difficulty 7.9 National Olympiad, round 2 Prove it Vietnam

Let nn be a positive integer. Given 2n2n positive real numbers a1,a2,a3,,ana_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, a_n and b1,b2,b3,,bnb_1, b_2, b_3, \dots, b_n satisfying the following condition:
a1>a2>a3>>an and b1>b2>b3>>bn. a_1 > a_2 > a_3 > \dots > a_n \text{ and } b_1 > b_2 > b_3 > \dots > b_n.
A partition of these 2n2n numbers into nn disjoint pairs (ai,bj),1in,1jn(a_i, b_j), 1 \le i \le n, 1 \le j \le n is called regular if the difference between two numbers of each pair is less than 20132013.

a. Suppose that there exists a regular partition for these numbers. Show that the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),,(an,bn)(a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2), \dots, (a_n, b_n) is also regular.

b. Suppose that there exists a regular partition in which iji \neq j for each pair (ai,bj)(a_i, b_j).
Compute the least number of regular partitions in this case.

Solution

a. We call a pair (a,b)(a, b) regular if the difference between aa and bb is less than 20132013. Suppose that in the given regular partition, a1a_1 is paired with bib_i, 1in1 \le i \le n and b1b_1 is paired with aja_j, 1jn1 \le j \le n.
We have 2013<a1bi<2013-2013 < a_1 - b_i < 2013 and 2013<ajb1<2013-2013 < a_j - b_1 < 2013.
Therefore, a1b1ajb1>2013a_1 - b_1 \ge a_j - b_1 > -2013 and a1b1a1bj<2013a_1 - b_1 \le a_1 - b_j < 2013, or
2013<a1b1<2013. -2013 < a_1 - b_1 < 2013.
Similarly, we also have 2013<ajbi<2013-2013 < a_j - b_i < 2013. Hence, if we change pairs (a1,bi),(aj,b1)(a_1, b_i), (a_j, b_1) into pairs (a1,b1),(aj,bi)(a_1, b_1), (a_j, b_i) then we still have a regular partition. Remove the pair (a1,b1)(a_1, b_1), we have 2(n1)2(n-1) numbers that can be divided into n1n-1 regular pairs. Repeating this argument, we see that (a2,b2)(a_2, b_2) is also a regular pair and generally, all (ai,bi)(a_i, b_i), i=1,2,3,...,ni=1,2,3,...,n are regular.
This implies that the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),...,(an,bn)(a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2),..., (a_n, b_n) is regular. The first part of the problem is solved.

b. We will prove by induction that the least number of regular partitions for such 2n2n numbers is 2(n+1)/22^{\lfloor(n+1)/2\rfloor} for all positive integer nn. ()(*)
- For n=2n=2, we have four numbers a1>a2a_1 > a_2 and b1>b2b_1 > b_2. From the given assumption, (a1,b2),(a2,b1)(a_1, b_2), (a_2, b_1) is a regular partition. From part a, the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2)(a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2) is also regular. The statement ()(*) holds for n=2n=2.

- For n=3n=3, we have six numbers a1>a2>a3a_1 > a_2 > a_3 and b1>b2>b3b_1 > b_2 > b_3. Suppose that (a1,b2)(a_1, b_2) is a regular pair in the given regular partition (similarly in the case (a1,b3)(a_1, b_3) is regular). Then (a2,b3),(a3,b1)(a_2, b_3), (a_3, b_1) are the remaining regular pairs in the given partition. We have 2013<a1b2<2013-2013 < a_1 - b_2 < 2013, a2b1<a1b1<2013a_2 - b_1 < a_1 - b_1 < 2013 and a2b1>a3b1>2013a_2 - b_1 > a_3 - b_1 > -2013 so the pair (a2,b1)(a_2, b_1) is regular. We also have 2013<a2b3<2013-2013 < a_2 - b_3 < 2013, a3b2<a2b2<2013a_3 - b_2 < a_2 - b_2 < 2013 and a3b2>a3b1>2013a_3 - b_2 > a_3 - b_1 > -2013, so the pair (a3,b2)(a_3, b_2) is also regular.
Therefore, we have at least 44 regular partitions when n=3n=3:
{(a1,b1),(a2,b2),(a3,b3)(a1,b1),(a2,b3),(a3,b2)(a1,b2),(a2,b3),(a3,b1)(a1,b2),(a2,b1),(a3,b3) \begin{cases} (a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2), (a_3, b_3) \\ (a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_3), (a_3, b_2) \\ (a_1, b_2), (a_2, b_3), (a_3, b_1) \\ (a_1, b_2), (a_2, b_1), (a_3, b_3) \end{cases}

- Suppose that the statement ()(*) holds up to n13n-1 \ge 3, consider 2n2n positive reals
a1>a2>a3>>an and b1>b2>b3>>bn. a_1 > a_2 > a_3 > \dots > a_n \text{ and } b_1 > b_2 > b_3 > \dots > b_n.
By the assumption, there exists a regular partition such that iji \ne j for each pair (ai,bj)(a_i, b_j) in this partition. Suppose that (a1,b1)(a_1, b_1) and (aj,bn)(a_j, b_n) (1<i,jn1 < i, j \le n) are two regular pairs in this partition. From part a), the partition (a1,b1),(a2,b2),,(an,bn)(a_1, b_1), (a_2, b_2), \dots, (a_n, b_n) is also regular.
We have two cases:
- If a1b2a_1 \ge b_2 then a1b2aib2>2013a_1 - b_2 \ge a_i - b_2 > -2013 and a1b2a1bj<2013a_1 - b_2 \le a_1 - b_j < 2013. Hence, (a1,b2)(a_1, b_2) is a regular pair.
- If a1<b2a_1 < b_2 then a1b2a1bi<2013a_1 - b_2 \le a_1 - b_i < 2013 and a1b2>a1b1>2013a_1 - b_2 > a_1 - b_1 > -2013. Hence, (a1,b2)(a_1, b_2) is a regular pair.
Therefore, in any case, (a1,b2)(a_1, b_2) is regular. Similarly, (a2,b1)(a_2, b_1) is also regular.
For the pair (a3,b4)(a_3, b_4), we also have two cases:
Case 1. Suppose that (a3,b4)(a_3, b_4) is non-regular. In this case, (a3,b3)(a_3, b_3) is regular so b3>b4>a3b_3 > b_4 > a_3 is impossible. Hence a3>b4a_3 > b_4 and a3b4>2013a_3 - b_4 > 2013.

It means a3bi>2013,i4a_3 - b_i > 2013, i \ge 4, or (a3,bi),i4(a_3, b_i), i \ge 4 are all non-regular. This implies that a3a_3 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3b_1, b_2, b_3 to make a regular pair.
We also have a1b4>a2b4>a3b4>2013a_1 - b_4 > a_2 - b_4 > a_3 - b_4 > 2013 so all (a1,bi),(a2,bi),i4(a_1, b_i), (a_2, b_i), i \ge 4 are non-regular. Therefore, a1,a2,a3a_1, a_2, a_3 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3b_1, b_2, b_3.
By the induction assumption, the least number of regular partitions for the first three pairs is 222^2, and the least number of regular partitions for the remaining n3n-3 pairs is 2[(n3)/2]2^{[(n-3)/2]}. Hence, the least number of regular partitions in total is 22+[(n3)/2]=2[(n+1)/2]2^{2+[(n-3)/2]} = 2^{[(n+1)/2]}.

Case 2. Suppose that (a3,b4)(a_3, b_4) is regular. Then we have (a4,b3)(a_4, b_3) is also regular. We move to the pair a5,b6a_5, b_6; if (a5,b6)(a_5, b_6) is non-regular then we can do similar as the above, a1,a2,a3,a4,a5a_1, a_2, a_3, a_4, a_5 can only be paired with b1,b2,b3,b4,b5b_1, b_2, b_3, b_4, b_5. Repeating the above arguments, we have only one case left: all considered pairs are regular. We then have two subcases:

Subcase 2.1. Suppose that nn is even. We have n/2n/2 pairs of indexes and (a2i1,b2i),(a2i,b2i1)(a_{2i-1}, b_{2i}), (a_{2i}, b_{2i-1}) (1in/21 \le i \le n/2) are all regular. This implies that we have 2n/2=2[(n+1)/2]2^{n/2} = 2^{[(n+1)/2]} regular partitions in this case.

Subcase 2.2. Suppose that nn is odd. We have the following regular partitions:
(a2k+1,b2k),(a2k,b2k+1),(a2k1,b2k2),(a2k2,b2k1),,(a5,b4),(a4,b5). (a_{2k+1}, b_{2k}), (a_{2k}, b_{2k+1}), (a_{2k-1}, b_{2k-2}), (a_{2k-2}, b_{2k-1}), \dots, (a_5, b_4), (a_4, b_5).
For the first six numbers a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3a_1, a_2, a_3, b_1, b_2, b_3, we have two possibilities:
- If there exists a regular pair (a1,b3)(a_1, b_3) or (a3,b1)(a_3, b_1) then there are at least 44 regular partitions in these numbers (as in the case n=3n=3.)
- If (a1,b3)(a_1, b_3) and (a3,b1)(a_3, b_1) are non-regular then we can divide these 2n2n numbers into two disjoint parts: a pair (a1,a2)(a_1, a_2) and the remaining 2(n1)2(n-1) numbers. By the induction assumption, the least number of regular partitions in this case is 212(n1)/2=2(n+1)/22^1 \cdot 2^{(n-1)/2} = 2^{(n+1)/2}.

- Suppose that nn is even. We have two sequences:
a2i=b2i=(n/2i)k+n/2i+1,a2i1=b2i1=(n/2i)k+n/2i+2,i1. a_{2i} = b_{2i} = (n/2 - i)k + n/2 - i + 1,\quad a_{2i-1} = b_{2i-1} = (n/2 - i)k + n/2 - i + 2,\quad i \ge 1.

Indexnn-1n-2n-3n-4n-5n-6n-7...
aia_i12k+2k+2k+3k+32k+32k+32k+42k+43k+43k+43k+53k+5
bib_i12k+2k+2k+3k+32k+32k+32k+42k+43k+43k+43k+53k+5

- Suppose that nn is odd. We have two sequences:
an=bn=1,an1=bn1=k1,an2=k,bn2=k+1a_n = b_n = 1, a_{n-1} = b_{n-1} = k-1, a_{n-2} = k, b_{n-2} = k+1, and
a2k=b2k=((n2k+1)i/2+((n2k1)i/2),a2k1=b2k1=((n2k+1)i/2+((n2k+1)i/2) when 2k+1<n. a_{2k} = b_{2k} = ((n-2k+1)i/2 + ((n-2k-1)i/2),\quad a_{2k-1} = b_{2k-1} = ((n-2k+1)i/2 + ((n-2k+1)i/2) \text{ when } 2k+1 < n.
Indexnn-1n-2n-3n-4n-5n-6......
aia_i1k1k-1kk2k+12k+12k+22k+23k+23k+23k+33k+3
bib_i1k1k-1k+1k+12k+12k+12k+22k+23k+23k+23k+33k+3

It is easy to check that the above sequences satisfy the given condition.
Therefore, the least number of regular partitions is 2n+122^{\lfloor \frac{n+1}{2} \rfloor}, n2n \ge 2.

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