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Combinatorics Difficulty 6.5 National olympiad Prove it Ukraine

Country "U" has cities A1,A2,,AnA_1, A_2, \dots, A_n. They are connected with flights so that one can get from any city to any other city with layovers. Let di,jd_{i,j} be the smallest amount of flights needed to get from city AiA_i to city AjA_j, and let dd be the total number of flights in country "U" and let
D=d1,1+d1,2++d1,n+d2,3+d2,4++d2,n++dn1,n. D = d_{1,1} + d_{1,2} + \dots + d_{1,n} + d_{2,3} + d_{2,4} + \dots + d_{2,n} + \dots + d_{n-1,n}.

Show that:
d+Dn112(n+1)(n+2). d + \frac{D}{n-1} \le \frac{1}{2}(n+1)(n+2).

Solution

Show that:
d+Dn112(n+1)(n+2). d + \frac{D}{n-1} \le \frac{1}{2}(n+1)(n+2).

Let iji \ne j, and let the shortest path between AiA_i and AjA_j be the following: Ai=Aγ0,Aγ1,,Aγk=AjA_i = A_{\gamma_0}, A_{\gamma_1}, \dots, A_{\gamma_k} = A_j. Let XX be the set of such vertices (k+1k+1 vertices), and let YY be the set of all other vertices (nk1n-k-1 vertices total). The number of edges that connects vertices inside YY is not greater than Cnk12C_{n-k-1}^2. All edges that connect vertices inside XX are the edges of the shortest path, otherwise there exists shorter path between AiA_i and AjA_j. Therefore, there are exactly kk edges.

If AYA \in Y, then there are 3 or less edges that connect AA with vertices from XX. Otherwise, there exists shorter path than the one that has kk edges. Therefore, there exists not more than 3(nk1)3(n-k-1) edges that connect vertices from XX and vertices from YY. Thus,
dCnk12+k+3(nk1)=12(n2+3n4+k2k2kn)(k<n, hence kn<n2)12(n2+3n4)n+12kd+n+12di,j12(n2+3n4), thus1i<jn(d+n+12di,j)12Cn2(n2+3n4), soCn2d+n+12D12Cn2(n2+3n4). \begin{aligned} d \le C_{n-k-1}^2 + k + 3(n-k-1) &= \frac{1}{2}(n^2 + 3n - 4 + k^2 - k - 2kn) \le \\ & \quad (k < n, \text{ hence } kn < n^2) \\ \le \frac{1}{2}(n^2 + 3n - 4) - \frac{n+1}{2}k &\Rightarrow d + \frac{n+1}{2}d_{i,j} \le \frac{1}{2}(n^2 + 3n - 4), \text{ thus} \\ \sum_{1 \le i < j \le n} \left(d + \frac{n+1}{2}d_{i,j}\right) &\le \frac{1}{2}C_n^2(n^2 + 3n - 4), \text{ so} \\ C_n^2d + \frac{n+1}{2}D &\le \frac{1}{2}C_n^2(n^2 + 3n - 4). \end{aligned}

The given inequality can be obtained by dividing inequality by Cn2C_n^2 and using
n+1n(n1)1n1andn2+3n4n2+3n+2. \frac{n+1}{n(n-1)} \ge \frac{1}{n-1} \quad \text{and} \quad n^2 + 3n - 4 \le n^2 + 3n + 2.

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